...................................................................................................................... iv Author Contributions .................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgments..................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................

Being expected as the utilities in the future, humanoid robots should be given much higher mobility. A seamless transition between contact and aerial phase is essential to behave robustly against disturbance in the real environment, and to expand the range of their activities and perform a variety of motion. Manipulation of both the contact condition and the external force is the key issue to e...

Inverted repeats of DNA are widespread in the genomes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes and can mediate genome rearrangement. We studied rearrangement mediated by plasmid-borne inverted repeats in Escherichia coli. We show that inverted repeats can mediate an efficient and recA-independent recombination event. Surprisingly, the product of this recombination is not that of simple inversion between t...

A case of inverted papilloma with subsequent heterotopical recurrence of inverted type transitional cell carcinoma is reported. A 24-year-old man had a medical examination of our hospital with chief complaint of asymptomatic macroscopic hematuria on October 23, 1982. Cystoscopy revealed a smooth surfaced and finger-tip sized tumor at the bladder neck. Because of the large bulk and the location ...

Inverted papillomas (IPs), although histologically benign, are aggressive lesions that may recur after excision. They usually present as unilateral firm, bulky, red and vascular masses. The objective of this case series is to discuss the surgical treatment options for IPs and to review the literature with a special emphasis on our experience with endoscopic medial maxillectomy. A retrospective ...

Cases of inverted intraluminal Meckel's diverticulum (MD) containing a lipoma, pancreatic and gastric ectopic tissue resulting in intussusception are extremely rare. We have been unable to locate any such presentation in a Crohn's patient; here, we discuss one such case. MD is the most common congenital malformation of the human gastrointestinal tract. Its paediatric preponderance may result in...

Inverted repeats are important elements in the human genome. Because of their nature, inverted repeats can engage in intra- and intermolecular basepairing. The ability to adopt hairpin and cruciform secondary structures is associated with frameshift mutations. These sequences also can be utilized by the polymerase allowing both intra- and interstrand switching events. Such mechanisms can involv...

Research regarding how people monitor their learning has shown that ease of processing strongly guides people's judgments of learning (JOLs). However, the desirable difficulties concept (Bjork, 1994) suggests that studying information that is less fluent can result in greater learning. Currently, it is unclear whether people are aware of the potential benefits of desirable difficulties during l...

Introduction: Supernumerary teeth are frequently reported in dental clinical practice; however, eruption in nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses is an extremely rare clinical entity.   Case Report: We report two cases with a history of recurrent nasal discharge and obstruction. In both cases, clinical and radiological findings confirmed the presence of an inverted supern...