STUDY DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial. OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of cervical interlaminar epidural injections of local anesthetic with or without steroids for the management of axial or discogenic pain in patients without disc herniation, radiculitis, or facet joint pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Cervical discogenic pain without disc herniation is a ...

BACKGROUND Chronic, persistent low back and lower extremity pain is often caused by spinal stenosis. Surgery and other interventions, including epidural injections, have been used to relieve this pain. However, there is little in the medical literature to support interlaminar, or transforaminal epidural injections under fluoroscopy for managing lumbar pain of central spinal stenosis, while the ...

The extent to which the development of a normal laminated lateral geniculate nucleus depends upon retinal afferents has been studied in normal and albino ferrets and in mink. Removal of all retinal afferents before they invade the nucleus (28 days in utero) or before they establish distinct monocular terminal fields (newborn, approximately 41 days post-conception) produces a nucleus that is sma...

Background: The technique of transforaminal endoscopic spine surgery is being widely used for lumbar degenerative diseases. But the interlaminar endoscopic surgery, which is more familiar and easier to be operated for spine surgeons, is more easily applied by traditionally trained surgeons. Objective: We propose the technique of percutaneous endoscopic medial foraminal decompression through int...