In 1929 Adrian and Bronk demonstrated a more refined method than had hitherto been used for obtaining action potentials from muscle, not only in the laboratory animal, but also in voluntary contraction in man. These .workers devised very small concentric electrodes which detect activity of the single motor units in a much restricted area. Such electrodes have since been used extensively in this...

Since reducing the blood flow to the kidneys by mechanical constriction of the renal arteries produces hypertension (2, 4, 6, 14), it seemed desirable to ascertain whether decreasing renal blood flow by sfimulation of renal vasocon-strictor nerves might likewise cause an elevation in blood pressure. It is known (3, 7, 10, 15) that active renal vasoconstriction occurs in response to stimulation ...

This study presents the manner in which transient modeling concepts, which are fully analyzed in the referred standards, are implemented, for the purpose of evaluating the Transient Ground Potential Rise (TGPR). This is a phenomenon of 10–100kV voltages with up to 10μs duration on the grounded enclosure of Gas Insulated Substations (GIS), which may cause concern for personnel safety and problem...

Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules which can fail to short circuit mode have great of applications in electricity network related fields. Single IGBT samples have been constructed with the standard Al wire bonding, flexible printed circuit board (PCB) interconnect and sandwich structure technologies. The overcurrent failure modes of the constructed IGBT samples have been tested un...

Electric fields, generated by active transport of ions, are present in many biological systems and often serve important functions in tissues and organs. For example, they play an important role in directing cell migration during wound healing. Here we describe the manufacture and use of ultrasensitive vibrating probes for measuring extracellular electric currents. The probe is an insulated, sh...

This article describes a simple and inexpensive hands-on simulation of protein folding suitable for use in large lecture classes. This activity uses a minimum of parts, tools, and skill to simulate some of the fundamental principles of protein folding. The major concepts targeted are that proteins begin as linear polypeptides and fold to three-dimensional structures, noncovalent interactions dr...

The cardiac pacemaker lead, the "Achilles heel" of pacing hardware, is a relatively fragile cable of insulated conductor wire implanted into the hostile environment of the human body [1]. The ideal pacing lead remains an elusive goal. Important lead characteristics include ease of surgical insertion with safe and reliable fixation in the myocardium and a high level of electrical performance [2]...

In this paper, scattering of a plane and monochromatic electromagnetic wave from a nano-wire is simulated using surface integral equations. First, integral equationsgoverning unknown fields on the surface is obtained based on Stratton-Cho surface integral equations. Then, the interaction of the wave with a non-plasmonic as well as a palsmonic nano-wire is considered. It is shown that in scatter...

The purpose of the current study is to analyze the thermal characteristics of electrical wirings depending on the number of operating load by connecting four types of electrical wirings that are selected by surveying the conditions for the electric fans, automatic waterers and halogen warm lamps that were installed in cattle barns in different years. The conditions of 64 cattle barns were surve...