introduction : the innate immune system as the first line of defense against the pathogens recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) by toll-like receptors (tlrs). interaction of bacterial pamps by tlrs results in activation of innate and acquired immunity. fimh adhesin, a minor component of type 1 fimbriae encoded by uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec) is a pamp of tlr4 that ...

The larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella, have been used experimentally to host a range of bacterial and fungal pathogens. In this study we evaluated the suitability of G. mellonella as an alternative animal model of Salmonella infection. Using a range of inoculum doses we established that the LD₅₀ of SalmonellaTyphimurium strain NCTC 12023 was 3.6 × 10³ bacteria per larva. Further, a se...

Concerns over insect resistance, regulatory action, and the needs of organic processors have generated renewed interest in developing nonchemical alternative postharvest treatments to fumigants used on dried fruits and nuts. Low-temperature storage has been identified as one alternative for the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hiibner), and navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker)...

the genus euphorbia l. (euphorbiales: euphorbiaceae) typically have a poisonous white sap in all plant parts. weedy spurge, euphorbia boissieriana prokh., is a toxic deep-rooted herbaceous and perennial weed that is native to the north west of iran. the biology of spurge clear-wing moth chamaesphecia schizoceriformis kolenati as a biocontrol agent of e. boissieriana was studied at field and lab...

Effect of feeding on linseed oil (LO)-enriched Artemia was investigated on growth, survival and stress resistance of tiger barb (Puntius tetrazona) larvae. Larvae were fed by LO-enriched (2.5, 5 and 7.5 %) as well as non-enriched Artemia nauplii for 14 d, followed by 14 d feeding on non-enriched Artemia. Fish fed on enriched nauplii showed significant increase in growth performance at both 14th...

this is a report on the occurrence of the hymenoterous parasitoid of the beet moth, scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd (lep.: gelechiidae), in iran for the first time. diadegma pusio (holmgren) was collected from the larvae of s. ocellatella in the sugar beet fields located in ray, the southern district of tehran. this ichneumonid species is belonging to the subfamily campopleginae and tribe limneriini.