This paper reviews P´olya urn models and their connection to random trees. Basic results are presented, together with proofs that underly the historical evolution of the accompanying thought process. Extensions and generalizations are given according to chronology: • P´olya-Eggenberger’s urn • Bernard Friedman’s urn • Generalized P´olya urns • Extended urn schemes • Invertible urn schemes ...

1. Host selection and utilization by ambrosia beetles ranges from healthy trees to weakened, dying, or dead trees. Compared weakened trees, emit little no ethanol, which is stress‐induced a by‐product of anaerobic respiration. The current study tested the attraction two invasive beetles, Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB), one member species complex, Euwallacea nr. fornicatus , fruit‐tree pinhole ...

This study revealed the tritrophic interactions of predatory coccinellids-host aphids-host plants on pome and stone fruit trees herbaceous in orchards Çanakkale Province, Turkey. Field sampling was done during spring summer seasons 2020 2021. Twelve species belonging to eight genera from family Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) were found interacting with eleven host aphids Aphididae (Hemiptera) plant...

The erythrina gall wasp (EGW), believed native to Africa, is a recently described species and now serious invasive pest of Erythrina (coral trees) in tropical and subtropical locales. Erythrina are favored ornamental and landscape trees, as well as native members of threatened ecosystems. The EGW is a tiny, highly mobile, highly invasive wasp that deforms (galls) host trees causing severe defol...

The establishment of non-native species is commonly described as occurring in three phases: arrival, establishment, and dispersal. Both arrival and dispersal by the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky), a xylophagous Cerambycid native to China and the Korean peninsula, has been documented for multiple locations in both North America and Europe, however the transitional...

A local pest survey was carried out at Franceville town on september 2022, within Avocado trees. The study aimed to record the avocado lace bug Pseudacysta perseae (Heidemann) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) and it impact host plant Persea americana L. (Lauraceae), based recognizing characterizing insect symptoms, detecting presence potential enemies. Results revalead that symptoms were observed in all p...

The research aimed at showing the contribution of Terminalia catappa to survival B. dorsalis. Through fruit incubation, study was done in Bujumbura city from June September 2017. Individuals were collected fruits infested by flies. Fruits neighborhoods according population and trees density. Results show that T. two species dorsalis C. cosyra with very low numbers. abundant density high number ...

Primary plastids descend from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont of an ancient eukaryotic host, but the initial selective drivers that stabilized the association between these two cells are still unclear. One hypothesis that has achieved recent prominence suggests that the first role of the cyanobiont was in energy provision for a host cell whose reserves were being depleted by an intracellular ch...

Primary plastids descend from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont of an ancient eukaryotic host, but the initial selective drivers that stabilized the association between these two cells are still unclear. One hypothesis that has achieved recent prominence suggests that the first role of the cyanobiont was in energy provision for a host cell whose reserves were being depleted by an intracellular ch...

Epiphytes typically exhibit clustered distribution patterns, but predicting the spatial variation of their at fine scales has long been a challenge. Taking advantage canopy crane giving access to 1.1 ha lowland seasonal rainforest in Yunnan (China), we assess here which factors promote probability that given tree hosts epiphytes, and species richness abundance epiphytic spermatophytes ferns amo...