The Drug Shortage Program at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a division of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), one of the five centers within FDA. The four other centers include the Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, and Center for Veterinary Medicine. At the Drug Short...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore trends in treatment with antipsychotic medication in Swedish dementia care in nursing homes as reported in the most recent empirical studies on the topic, and to relate these trends to directives from the national authorities. METHODS The study included two scoping review studies based on searches of electronic databases as well as the Swedish d...

Background Granisetron is a first-generation 5-HT3-receptor antagonist that has shown efficacy in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). In this randomized double-blind parallel-group clinical trial, we assessed the efficacy of generic granisetron versus Kytril®, in the prevention of PONV in patients undergoing general anesthesia for gynaecological surgeries. Method One hundred an...

Effects of soft SUSY-breaking terms on inflation potentials are discussed. There exist generic constraints that must be satisfied in order not for the inflaton potential to loose its flatness. We examine explicitly the constraints in the case of a hybrid inflation model and find that the coupling constant λ between the inflaton and the “waterfall-direction” field is bounded as 2.0 × 10−6 ∼ λ. T...

BACKGROUND Access to pediatric antiretroviral formulations is increasing in resource-limited countries, however adult FDCs are still commonly used by antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs. OBJECTIVE To describe long-term effectiveness of using adult FDC of d4T+3TC+NVP (Triomune) in children for HIV treatment. METHODS Clinical, immunologic, and virologic outcomes of HIV-infected ART-naïve ch...

Most of the existing crowd models were designed for specific behaviours or scenarios. Significant modifications were often required to include new behaviours and new scenarios. This paper proposed an approach to develop a generic crowd model with the ability to incorporate different behaviours under different scenarios. At the higher level of the proposed crowd model, the agent-based modelling ...

Generic immunosuppressive drugs are available in Europe, Canada, and the United States. Between countries, there are large differences in the market penetration of generic drugs in general, and for immunosuppressive drugs in particular. The registration criteria for generic immunosuppressive drugs are often criticized. However, it is unlikely that the criteria for registration of narrow therape...

Introduction Access to therapeutic drugs form an integral part of any successful healthcare system. The high cost of drugs, however, remains a barrier to accessibility and improved health to the majority of the South African population1. The promotion of generic drug consumption could potentially be an important cost-saving mechanism in this regard for final consumers, insurance providers, and ...

We investigate the welfare impact of parallel imports using a large panel dataset containing monthly information on sales, ex-factory prices, and further product characteristics for all 649 anti-diabetic drugs sold in Germany between 2004 and 2010. We estimate a two-stage nested logit model of demand, and on the basis of an oligopolistic model of multi-product firms, we then recover the margina...

OBJECTIVE To examine differences in prescribing between dispensing and non-dispensing practices. SETTING The 108 practices covered by Lincolnshire Family Health Services Authority. DESIGN Analysis of prescribing data for 1990-1 from PD2 reports from the Prescription Pricing Authority in relation to data on practice characteristics obtained from Lincolnshire Family Health Services Authority;...