The effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonists on hypothermia induced by cocaine or morphine have been studied in mice. In the present work, subcutaneous (SC) injection of cocaine (50-150 mg/kg) or morphine (125-500 mg/kg) induced hypothermia in mice. Administration of CCKA receptor antagonist MK-329 (0.5-1.5 mg/kg), CCKB receptor antagonist L-365, 260 (0.5-1.5 mgl kg) and CCK r...

Introduction: Anxiety is among the most common and treatable mental disorders. Adrenergic and cannabinoid systems have an important role in the neurobiology of anxiety. The elevated plus-maze (EPM) has broadly been used to investigate anxiolytic and anxiogenic compounds. The present study investigated the effects of intraperitoneal (IP) injection of cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist (AM251) i...

This study tested the role of inhibitory neurotransmission in the glutaminergic control of short-term depression (STD) of the inspiratory activity initiated by sustained stimulation of the vagus nerve in anesthetized and vagotomized cats. STD, calculated from the integrated phrenic nerve signal, lasted longer when glutaminergic neurotransmission was inhibited by ketamine, a NMDA receptor antago...

Vitexin, a C-glycosylated flavone present in several medicinal herbs, has showed various pharmacological activities including antinociception. The present study investigated the antinociceptive effects of vitexin in a mouse model of postoperative pain. This model was prepared by making a surgical incision on the right hindpaw and von Frey filament test was used to assess mechanical hyperalgesia...

the effects of cholecystokinin (cck) receptor antagonists on hypothermia induced by cocaine or morphine have been studied in mice. in the present work, subcutaneous (sc) injection of cocaine (50-150 mg/kg) or morphine (125-500 mg/kg) induced hypothermia in mice. administration of ccka receptor antagonist mk-329 (0.5-1.5 mg/kg), cckb receptor antagonist l-365, 260 (0.5-1.5 mgl kg) and cck recept...

We have studied mechanisms underlying long-term potentiation (LTP) in the medial and lateral amygdala using in vitro slice preparations. In normal bathing medium, LTP was not induced by tetanic stimulation (100 pulses at 100 Hz). However, in the presence of a GABAA blocker, picrotoxin or bicuculline, LTP was reproducibly induced in both medial and lateral amygdala. In the medial amygdala, the L...

In order to investigate the physiological effects of melatonin receptors in the Xenopus tectum, we have used the fluorescent indicator Fluo-4 AM to monitor calcium dynamics of cells in tectal slices. Bath application of KCl elicited fluorescence increases that were reduced by melatonin. This effect was stronger at the end of the light period than at the end of the dark period. Melatonin increas...

GABRB3 gene is a recently identified located in 15q12 chromosome and encodes for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit beta-3 protein, which linked to the GABAA receptor. The believed share role inhibitory GABAergic synapses, GABA iron-gated channel function, possible cellular response histamine. β3 expressed cerebral grey matter, thalami, hippocampi, cerebellum, among other structure...

Abstract Introduction The orexin neuropeptide–receptor system is a central sleep and wake regulator in the brain. two receptor subtypes, OX1R OX2R, are expressed either alone or together all major wake-promoting brain areas. OX2R activation by orexins causes elevation of intracellular calcium, which enhances synaptic transmission secondary, monoaminergic wake- arousal-promoting neurotransmitter...