Aims: The aims of the present work are (1) to evaluate dose calculation accuracy of two commonly used algorithms for 15 MV small photon fields in a medium encompassing heterogeneity and (2) to compare them with measured results obtained from gafchromic film EBT2.Materials and Methods: Authors employed kailwood (Pinus Wallichiana) to mimic lung. Briefly, seven Kailwood plates, each measuring 25x...

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a conventional method for fabricating film materials from nanometer-sized building blocks, and exhibits the advantages of low-cost, high-efficiency, wide-range thickness adjustment, and uniform deposition. Inspired by the interest in the application of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, the EPD technique has been recently extended to building blocks with 2D ...

We present results from molecular-dynamics simulations of a generic bead-spring model of copolymer chains confined between solid walls and report on the glass-transition temperature and segmental dynamics as a function of film thickness and mesh size (the end-to-end distance of the subchains in the crosslinked polymer networks). Apparently, the glass-transition temperature displayed a steep inc...

In this article, the crack growth driving force and the resistance to cleavage cracking associated with crack front transmission across a high-angle grain boundary in a silicon thin film are analyzed, and a closed-form solution of grain boundary toughness is obtained. It is noticed that the fracture resistance of the grain boundary is a function of the film thickness. This size effect is attrib...

We introduce an effect of metallization of dielectric nanofilms by strong, adiabatically varying electric fields. The metallization causes optical properties of a dielectric film to become similar to those of a plasmonic metal (strong absorption and negative permittivity at low optical frequencies). This is a quantum effect, which is exponentially size-dependent, occurring at fields on the orde...

The optical properties of thin gold films with thickness varying from 2.5 nm to 30 nm are investigated. Due to the quantum size effect, the optical constants of the thin gold film deviate from the Drudemodel for bulkmaterial as film thickness decreases, especially around 2.5 nm, where the electron energy level becomes discrete. A theory based on the self-consistent solution of the Schrödinger e...

The tungsten piperidylhydrazido complex Cl4(CH3CN)W(N-pip) (1) was used as a single-source precursor for growth of tungsten carbonitride (WNxCy) by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in H2 carrier. Multiple spectroscopic techniques were used for preliminary evaluation of the suitability of 1 as a precursor and to suggest possible fragmentation pathways. The effect of growth temperatu...

Equilibrium conductivity fluctuations of mesoscopic domains are found in film and bulk single-crystal manganite colossal magnetoresistive material. Temperature and field dependences of the Boltzmann factors for a collection of two-state fluctuators give measures of the magnetic moment and entropy differences between the states, and of the fluctuator volumes. The large resistance step size impli...

Various aspects of the structure of thin film longitudinal recording media are presented and discussed. In particular we discuss the role that the various layers of thin film media play in controlling the microstructure and magnetic properties of the magnetic layer. These include the grain size of the films, the texture of the films, the role of the intermediate layer and the role of chemical s...

Highly textured undoped (pure) and Al doped ZnO nanocrystalline thin films prepared by ultrasonic atomization and pyrolysis method are reported in this paper. ZnCl2 water solution was converted into fine mist by ultrasonic atomizer (Gapusol 9001 RBI Meylan, France). The mist was pyrolyzed on the glass substrates in horizontal quartz reactor placed in furnace. The Structural and microstructural ...