Uncertainty theory is a branch of mathematics for modeling human uncertainty. This paper will answer the following questions: What is uncertainty? In what situations does uncertainty arise? What is the difference between uncertain variable and uncertain set? This paper will also discuss the relations and differences among uncertainty, fuzziness and probability. c ⃝2012 World Academic Press, UK....

The anti-senescence biogenic polyamines (PAs) putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) are involved in plant growth processes and responses to stress. The physiological mechanism of exogenous Put to affect the senescence of cut lisianthus flowers during vase life was investigated. Fresh cut lisianthus flowers were treated with distilled water (control), 0.5, 1 and 2 mM Put and then...

The COVID-19 pandemic has paralyzed businesses, causing a global economic crisis. In this paper, the support that Mexican government intends to give companies fell into crisis is analyzed. problem lies in lack of knowledge these companies: those were before epidemic and went because it. To avoid social losses, an asymmetric game presented, results show mechanism incorporate signals improve unce...

Using a new survey of European households, we study how exogenous variation in the macroeconomic uncertainty perceived by households affects their spending decisions. We use randomized information treatments that provide different types about first and/or second moments future economic growth to generate changes some households. The effects on decisions relative an untreated control group are m...

Production yield can be highly volatile and uncertain, especially in industries where exogenous environmental factors such as the climate or raw material quality impact manufacturing process. Thus, for production planning, it is necessary to take into account uncertainty obtain robust efficient plans. In this paper, we consider lot-sizing problems under uncertainty. We propose a multi-period, s...

objective(s):althoughroutinely applied in assisted reproductive technology, human sperm cryopreservation is not a completely successful procedure. adverse effects of cryopreservation on the fertilization capacity, motility, morphology, and viability of spermatozoa have been proven; cryopreservation has also shown a role in sperm dna fragmentation and infertility. the post-thaw survival of sperm...

Research Summary This paper investigates how firms select reference organizations, that is, other to which they compare themselves. We question the exogenous nature of references (i.e., them being defined via industry-categorizations) but suggest that, motivations or purposes, endogenously them. evaluate our findings when analyzing proprietary data on hotels' self-selection comparison-hotels. I...

Most of the canonical macroeconomic models simulate liquidity anomalies by changing economic fundamentals or adding massive financial shock to firms’ collateral constraints, but a few facts somehow tell different story. Instead relying on exogenous shocks, we introduce uncertainty into an otherwise classical framework and try answer what worsens aggregate in absence simulations firm dynamics fi...