Abstract This paper presents a detailed etymological analysis of words for ‘fox’ in Indo-European ( IE ) languages. We argue that most ‘fox’-words go back to two distinct PIE stems: * h₂lō̆p-eḱ - and ulp-i ‘wildcat, fox’. provide revised the etymology relationship among various Indo-Iranian ‘fox’-words, we Baltic preserves remnants ḱ -suffix found Greek, Armenian, Indo-Iranian. Additionally, des...

In 1858 William Ripley recalled an important nineteenth century assumption: In our school d&ys most of us were brought up to regard Asia as the mother of European people. We were told that an ideal race of men swarmed forth from the Himalayan highlands, disseminating culture right and left as they spread through the barbarous West. The primitive language, parent of all the varieties of speech--...

This paper adapts the similarity avoidance analysis developed by Frisch, Pierrehumbert and Broe (2004) for Arabic to account for co-occurrence restrictions in the set of reconstructed verbal roots of Proto-IndoEuropean (PIE). Completion of the two components of the similarity avoidance methodology – the identification of consonantal co-occurrence restrictions through quantification of overand u...

This paper focuses on Indo-Iranian merchandise trade for a period of 30 years from1980-81 to 2009-10. The study is based on econometric modeling comprising 3 versions of the RWM model and alternative forms and specification of regression functions. RWM model(s) evaluates the stationary nature of time series data relating to GNP, Exports, Imports and total merchandise Indo-Iranian trade. Dickey-...

Where in earlier work diachronic change is used to explain away exceptions typologies, linguistic typologists have started make use of explicit models as explanations for typological distributions. A topic that lends itself this approach especially well negation. In article, we assess the explanatory value a specific hypothesis, Negative Existential Cycle (NEC), on distribution negative existen...

We consider a linguistically diversified society and examine the notion of language disenfranchisement when some individuals are denied the full access to documents and political process in their native tongues. To calculate the disenfranchisement indices we use the Dyen percentage cognate matrix of linguistic distances between Indo-European languages and apply survey and population data on lan...