E.K. Gibson, Jr., S.J. Clemett, K.L. Thomas-Keprta, D.S. McKay, S.J. Wentworth, F. Robert, A.B. Verchovsky, I.P. Wright, C.T.Pillinger, T. Rice and B. Van Leer; KR, ARES, NASA-JSC, Houston, TX 77058; ESCG, Mail Code JE23, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058; LEME, CNRS-Museum D’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; PSSRI, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK, FEI Company, Hillsboro,...

Prior research has identified the similarity of Action Research (AR) and Design Science Research (DSR). This paper analyses AR and DSR from several perspectives, including paradigmatic assumptions of ontology, epistemology, methodology, and ethics, their research interests, and activities. We identify that often AR does not share the paradigmatic assumptions and the research interests of DSR, t...

We discuss the definition of velocity as dE/d|p|, where E,p are the energy and momentum of a particle, in Doubly Special Relativity (DSR). If this definition matches dx/dt appropriate for the space-time sector, then space-time can in principle be built consistently with the existence of an invariant length scale. We show that, within different possible definitions, this program fails, and this ...

In a previous paper we computed the phase response curve (PRC) of a half-center oscillator (HCO), a pair of reciprocally inhibitory model neurons that exhibit alternating rhythms, based on the minimal ionic model. It was showed that the two intrinsic mechanisms of the local HCO, “release” and “escape”, gave rise to two different shapes of PRCs. In this paper we use the theory of weakly coupled ...

The ability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to avoid recognition by humoral and cellular immunity (viral escape) is well-documented, but the strength of the immune response needed to cause such a viral escape remains poorly quantified. Several previous studies observed a more rapid escape of HIV from CD8 T cell responses in the acute phase of infection compared to chronic infection. The r...

Dogs which had 1st learned to panel press in a harness in order to escape shock subsequently showed normal acquisition of escape/ avoidance behavior in a shuttle box. In contrast, yoked, inescapable shock in the harness produced profound interference with subsequent escape responding in the shuttle box. Initial experience with escape in the shuttle box led to enhanced panel pressing during ines...

Aquatic escape responses have typically been described as C-starts. However, another aquatic escape response, head retraction, occurs in several elongate species, but has never been studied in detail. The goals of this study are to describe the head retraction escape response in a phylogenetically diverse sample of species, to trace the evolution of head retraction in anamniote vertebrates, and...