This chapter seeks to make some contributions to the literature on firm-level innovation in Africa by attempting to identify the significant factors that explain the capability of firms in Nigeria to innovate using the results of an industry-wide study. We focused on the product and process innovation activities of firms between 2003 and 2006 and found differences in the factors that drive them...

We prove a lower bound on the information leakage of any classical protocol computing the equality function in the simultaneous message passing (SMP) model. Our bound is valid in the finite length regime and is strong enough to demonstrate a quantum advantage in terms of information leakage for practical quantum protocols. We prove our bound by obtaining an improved finite size version of the c...

We characterize generalized extreme points of compact convex sets. In particular, we show that if the polyconvex hull is convex in m×n , min(m,n) 6 2, then it is constructed from polyconvex extreme points via sequential lamination. Further, we give theorems ensuring equality of the quasiconvex (polyconvex) and the rank-1 convex envelopes of a lower semicontinuous function without explicit conve...

We embed a rst order theory with equality in the Pure Type System L that is a subsystem of the well-known type system PRED2. The embedding is based on the Curry-Howard isomorphism, i.e. ? ? ? > and 8 coincide with ! and. Formulas of the form t1 s = t2 are treated as Leibniz equalities. That is, t1 s = t2 is identiied with the second order formula 8P : P (t1)? ? ? >P(t2), which contains only ? ?...

Equality algebras has recently been introduced. A subclass of equality algebras, called equivalential equality algebras is closely related to BCK-algebras with meet. We show that the variety of equality algebras has nice properties: We shall investigate their congruences and filters and prove that the variety of equality algebras is a 1-regular, arithmetic variety.

BACKGROUND This study is designed to evaluate whether the benefit which the residents received from the national health care system is equal in China. The perceived equality and benefit are used to measure the personal status of health care system, health status. This study examines variations in perceived equality and benefit of the national health care system between urban and rural residents...