Mathematical robust model of thermo-balance of Earth’s heat fluxes is suggested for such an estimation. Using well-known data (albedo of the Earth’s surface, constant of heat flux from the Sun per square meter of Earth’s outer atmosphere surface, etc.), we could conclude that heating only by the Solar activity is not sufficient to obtain the real meaning of temperature of Earth’s surface. Estim...

Because the propagation of neutrinos is affected by the presence of Earth matter, it opens new possibilities to probe the Earth’s interior. Different approaches range from techniques based upon the interaction of high energy (above TeV) neutrinos with Earth matter, to methods using the MSW effect on the oscillations of low energy (MeV to GeV) neutrinos. In principle, neutrinos from many differe...

Carbon dioxide is one of many greenhouse gases that help warm the atmosphere by trapping heat radiating from earth. This trapped heat is called the greenhouse effect and without it the earth would be about 33 degrees C colder (Janzen et al. 2002). It is however possible to have too much of a good thing. Most troublesome has been the increase in concentration of carbon dioxide over the last cent...

Introduction: Volcanic and hydrothermal supply of reducing gases to the early atmosphere of Mars likely surpassed the slow supply of oxidizing power from hydrogen escape to space, resulting in a neutral or mildly reducing atmosphere and in geochemical cycles that operated very differently than they do on the modern Earth. We have recently suggested that one such difference between the modern an...

We have been observing the Earth's upper atmosphere from space for several decades, but only over the past decade has the necessary technology begun to match our desire to observe surface air pollutants and climate-relevant trace gases in the lower troposphere, where we live and breathe. A new generation of Earth-observing satellites, capable of probing the lower troposphere, are already orbiti...

The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft achieved a 45-hour elliptical orbit at Mars on 11 September 1997 after an 11-month cruise from Earth. The mission is acquiring high-quality global observations of the martian surface and atmosphere and of its magnetic and gravitational fields. These observations will continue for one martian year.

Earth-Space quantum communication is the next challenge of telecommunications. As long as we want to know the outcome of a quantum communication by means of single photons, we have to face the interaction between a single photon and the atmosphere. In this brief article, we want to report some preliminary simulation results for realistic and generic atmospheric conditions.

Space weather research involves the study of the Sun and Earth from a systems viewpoint to improve the understanding and prediction of solar-terrestrial variability. There are a wide variety of solar-terrestrial imagery, spectroscopic measurements, and in situ space environmental data that can be exploited to improve our knowledge and understanding of the phenomena and processes involved in spa...

[1] We introduce new vector diffractive integrals, which can be used for the radio holographic remote sensing of the atmosphere and terrestrial surfaces. These integrals are exact relationships connecting the electromagnetic fields known at some interface or curve in space with radio fields on the terrestrial surface or inside the atmosphere. They allow one to restore the radio image of the atm...

The Hubble Space Telescope is uniquely able to study planets that are observed to transit their parent stars. The extremely stable platform afforded by an orbiting spacecraft, free from the contaminating effects of the Earth's atmosphere, enables HST to conduct ultra-high precision photometry and spectroscopy of known transiting extrasolar planet systems. Among HST 's list of successful observa...