Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic motor neuron disease caused by mutations in the SMN1 (Survival Motor Neuron) gene, which leads to hypotonia, muscle weakness and respiratory involvement. Its most severe form, SMA type 1, starts before 6 months of life has high mortality due ventilatory failure. Nusinersen, first approved treatment for SMA, an antisense oligonucleotide intr...

Propagation of incoherently soliton pairs in photorefractive crystals under steady-state conditions is studied. These soliton states can be generated when the two mutually incoherent optical beams with the same polarization and wavelength incident on the biased photorefractive crystal. Such soliton pairs can exist in bright-bright, dark-dark, gray-gray as well as in bright-dark types. In this p...

Lotty Ackerman, Matthew R. Buckley, Sean M. Carroll, and Marc Kamionkowski California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA (Received 16 December 2008; published 23 January 2009) We explore the feasibility and astrophysical consequences of a new long-range Uð1Þ gauge field (‘‘dark electromagnetism’’) that couples only to dark matter, not to the standard model. The dark matter...

Introduction: C. elegans neural network is a good sample for neural networks studies, because its structural details are completely determined. In this study, the virtual neural network of this worm that was proposed by Suzuki et al. for control of movement was reconstructed by adding newly discovered synapses for each of these network neurons. These synapses are newly discovered in the actu...

background: increasing of oxygen consumption in fast-growing broiler chickens is associated with the more pronounced occurrence of right ventricular hypertrophy and ascites. while, rearing of susceptible chickens in dark condition could reduce the metabolic rate of birds and hence the incidence of ascites. objectives: the present study was designed to investigate a comparative study on the infl...

We have already reported that ovariectomized (OVX) rats reduced the spontaneous activity during dark period due to decease of serotonin release in amygdala. In this study, we examined potential sertraline, a selective reuptake inhibitor, on recovery less seen mice with OVX-induced despair-like behaviors. Female 9-week old ICR were underwent either OVX or sham surgery. Sertraline (10 mg/kg/day, ...

Beside the well-established impact on decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (1), recent attention has been paid to the relationship between cocoa-containing foods and the immune system (2), showing that dark chocolate consumption enhances the systemic defense against bacterial (3) and viral (4) infections. Hence, the current study aimed at investigating the acute effect of dark chocola...