We are discussing a modeling technique based on the idea to generate data sequences with a number of suggested models. These sequences are transformed, or converted, into an observed data sequence by a suitable function, or a program. The motivation for doing so is in cases where the likelihood of observed data is hard to compute, which is circumvented with an indirect approximation by trying t...

We show how testing convertibility of two types in dependently typed systems can advantageously be implemented instead untyped normalization by evaluation, thereby reusing existing compilers and runtime environments for stock functional languages, without peeking under the hood, for a fast yet cheap system in terms of implementation effort. Our focus is on performance of untyped normalization b...

Neither the Ash‘arites nor Kierkegaard’s systems of theology are anti-rational, for Kierkegaard regards the contradiction present in the object of faith as absolute rather than logical, suggesting thereby the existential dialectics for understanding this contradiction instead of resolving it. The Ash‘arites also hold that one can understand the existence of God through absolute reason, or reaso...

In this paper, we propose a new type of informationtheoretic method to resolve the contradiction observed in competitive and input neurons. For competitive neurons, contradiction between self-evaluation (individuality) and outer-evaluation (collectivity) exists, which is reduced to realize the self-organizing maps. For input neurons, there exists contradiction between the use of many and few in...