www.JCE.DivCHED.org • Vol. 83 No. 5 May 2006 • Journal of Chemical Education 811 Research in science education in the last thirty years has shown that students enter chemistry classes with many preconceived ideas about the behavior of the natural world (1). These ideas, derived from previous physical and social experiences, often lead them to make predictions and build explanations different fr...

Spending on IT continues to show long-term growth throughout the economy, apparently reflecting a belief in the economic benefits of IT. However, we also see organizations struggle in practice to demonstrate such benefits. Conventional thinking suggests that individual organizations can improve their performance in this area through better financial analysis of opportunities. But does this char...

Cognitive science and its philosophy have been far too long consumed with representation. This concern is indicative of a creeping Cartesianism that many scientists and philosophers wish to evade. However, their naturalism is often insufficiently evolutionary to fully appreciate the lessons of pragmatism. If cognitive neuroscience and pragmatism are to be mutually beneficial, the representation...

Given previous evidence that bodily states can impact basic cognitive processes, we asked whether such impact can also be demonstrated for creative cognition. In particular, we had participants perform a design improvement task and a consequences imagination task while standing up, walking in a predetermined pattern, or walking freely. Results show better divergent-thinking performance with unc...

Standard internalist approaches to critical thinking insist that critical thinkers maintain conscious, deliberate access to the reasons for their beliefs and actions. A more useful approach is externalist, focusing on the reliability of different types of processes for generating beliefs and decisions under different circumstances. We describe an externalist approach to critical thinking based ...

Alternative Estimation Procedures to OLS We have seen that OLS does a nice job in model estimation when the CLRM assumptions are met. We have also seen that violations of the CLRM lead to inefficiency and estimators that are not BLUE. We have also seen that the model y=Xβ+ε can be transformed to produce estimators that are BLUE. We now consider additional estimation techniques to least squares....

Harris, German and Mills (Children's use of counterfactual thinking in causal reasoning. Cognition, 61 (1996), 223± 259), following Mackie, argue that children make explicit use of counterfactual thinking in arriving at causal judgments. They showed that children as young as 3, in explaining simple mishap events, made reference to courses of action that a protagonist had rejected, when that cou...

conclusions due to the correlation between strategic thinking and productivity, we recommend educating and training managers in the use of strategic thinking, and that they understand its importance to productivity. managers should understand that increasing efficiency in a competitive environment today is a necessity for survival. background using different methods of strategic thinking is ess...

background: one of the main goals of nursing education is training them to provide proper medical services to patients as well as healthy people in the community and health centers using their knowledge and specific skills. this service requires nurses’ critical thinking and effective learning. the purpose of this study was to determine the impact of critical thinking skills on decision making ...