Powdery mildew is one of the most noticeable and harmful wheat diseases in countries with temperate climates sufficient rainfall. The efficient, economical, environmentally friendly means to control powdery growing genetically resistant cultivars. genetic resistance quickly overcome due evolution avirulence genes pathogen. problem enriching pool new effective relevant. objective work show that ...

Alcohol is a major cause of both acute and chronic pancreatitis. Activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis. Herein, we examined the effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the activation of transcription factors and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in PSCs. PSCs were isolated from rat pancreas tissue...

The closely related mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2 have now been shown to have opposing roles in Ras-mediated cell proliferation. I propose that dimerization of these highly related protein kinases could underlie these surprising observations and that this could be a common paradigm for widespread regulation of protein phosphorylation by kinase-substrate interactions.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is phosphorylated and activated by an upstream activator kinase, MEK (MAPK or ERK kinase), in response to mitogenic growth factors. ERKs translocate into the nucleus upon mitogen stimulation, suggesting that the subcellular redistribution of ERK may play a critical role in signal transfer from cytoplasm t...

We isolated a cDNA encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase alpha, designated LjM3Kalpha, from Lotus japonicus, a model legume. The gene was expressed constitutively in roots, root nodules, and shoots. We also identified a novel nodulin gene, LjNUF, that shows specific expression in nodules. LjNUF resembles the C-terminal half of a hypothetical protein (pir//D85436), the N-termin...

p21-activated kinases (PAKs) play an important role in diverse cellular processes. Full activation of PAKs requires autophosphorylation of a critical threonine/serine located in the activation loop of the kinase domain. Here we report crystal structures of the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated PAK1 kinase domain. The phosphorylated PAK1 kinase domain has a conformation typical of all active p...