Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is hyponatremia that occurs <or= 24 hours after prolonged physical activity. It is a potentially serious complication of marathons, triathlons, and ultradistance events, and can occur in hot and cold environments. Clear evidence indicates that EAH is a dilutional hyponatremia caused by excessive fluid consumption and the inappropriate release of arginine v...

Paul F. Pasquina, MD Participation in sports and recreational activities can significantly effect an individual’s well-being and overall quality of life. A regular exercise program strengthens the musculoskeletal system, improves cardiovascular function, and helps prevent and treat medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity [1–3]. Participation in sports also decrea...

BACKGROUND Since their conception during the mid-1970s, international participation in extreme sports has grown rapidly. The recent death of extreme snowmobiler Caleb Moore at the 2013 Winter X Games has demonstrated the serious risks associated with these sports. PURPOSE To examine the incidence and prevalence of head and neck injuries (HNIs) in extreme sports. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epi...