Wastewater reuse presents a promising solution to the growing pressure on water resources. However, wastewater reuse implementation faces obstacles that include insufficient public acceptance, technical, economic and hygienic risks and further uncertainties caused by a lack of awareness, accepted standards, uniform guidelines and legislation. So far, there are no supranational regulations on wa...

Potable reuse is one of the alternatives to approach water sustainability and it is gaining widespread acceptance all over the world due to increasing stress on water resources (Rodriguez et al. 2009). As water reclamation and potable reuse is a viable option, constituents that might threaten human health must be considered seriously. Endotoxins, interchangeably named Lipo-polisccharide (LPS), ...

Reclamation and reuse of wastewater require the use of tools that minimize risks to health and natural ecosystems. There are various types of such tools, among which HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control points) and barrier systems are gaining importance. The research reported here aims to determine and evaluate the most efficient combinations of different treatment systems—barriers—for t...

Blue green algae (BGA) possess immense morphological and metabolic diversity and can be used in economic development and environment management like wastewater treatment, land reclamation, production of fine chemicals, atmospheric fixation of nitrogen, production of methane fuel, conversion of solar energy, therapeutic functions and so on. This review presents applications of BGA in agriculture...

A 162-day pilot-scale operation for reclamation of urban wastewater was studied by using an ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor (UMBR). Performance of the UMBR was investigated with a sludge retention time (SRT) of 5, 15, and 30 days, a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 h, and membrane flux between 75 and 150 l m−2 h−1, respectively. It was observed that the highest sludge concentration in th...

Wastewater reclamation is an upcoming approach that will significantly affect wastewater treatment systems. Despite the fact that technology for treating wastewater to an effluent water quality that meets various quality standards for reuse is already available and applied, the reuse of water is not just a simple and straightforward road. Significant additional energy and civil infrastructure i...

Since the mid 1990s, constructed wetlands have been increasingly used as a lowenergy ‘green’ technique, in the treatment of wastewater and stormwater, driven by the rising cost of fossil fuels and increasing concern about climate change. Among various applications of these wetlands, a significant area is the removal of nitrogenous pollutants to protect the water environment and to enable effect...

Water reclamation and reuse provides a unique and viable opportunity to augment traditional water supplies. As a multi-disciplined and important element of water resources development and management, water reuse can help to close the loop between water supply and wastewater disposal. Effective water reuse requires integration of water and reclaimed water supply functions. The successful develop...

Wastewater reclamation holds promise as an important water resource as the desire to develop arid regions continues to place increasing demands on finite water resources. The debate surrounding the consumption of reclaimed wastewater finds risk managers pondering the question of what types of water quality standards might be set in order to provide the proper level of safety associated with the...