Insecticide effects of deltamethrin 2.5% SC (flowable solution) on different substrates and triatomine infestation rates in two indigenous villages (Estancia Salzar and Nueva Promesa) of the Paraguayan Chaco are reported. This field study was carried out to determine the extent to which variability in spray penetration may affect residual action of the insecticide. A total of 117 houses in the ...

We consider guarding a city of k vertical buildings, each having a rectangular base, by placing guards only at vertices. The aim is to use the smallest number of guards. The problem is a 2.5D variant of the traditional art gallery problem, and finds applications in urban security. We give upper and lower bounds on the number of guards needed for a few versions of the problem. Specifically, we p...

The mechanisms by which Cordilleran plutons are emplaced vary widely. However, the present authors have examined a series of plutons ranging from 2–35 km emplacement depth that have many common features, which suggest that downward transport of host rock is the most important mechanism during magma ascent and pluton emplacement. Many of these Cordilleran plutons preserve gently dipping, unfault...

We reported the use of the timed manual method, routinely employed as an indicator to the relative abundance of domestic triatomine bugs, to estimate their absolute density in houses. A team of six people collected Rhodnius prolixus Stål bugs from the walls and roofs of 14 typical palm-leaf rural houses located in Cojedes, Venezuela, spending 40 minutes searching in each house. One day after th...

With the development of urbanization and population growth in the use of land for construction of residential and industrial areas and other infrastructure and turning to remove more vegetation,construction materials and non-systematic misuse of cities,urban areas have forced some changes that pollution and poor air quality,dehydration,high temperatures are some of its results.The temperature d...

Global warming has today turned to one of the most important environmental issues due tooveruse of fossil fuels, and it needs serious attention. Since the mid-1970s, an urgent needwas therefore felt around the world to reduce the use of energy for heating and cooling inbuildings. Using green covers, especially green facades, in appropriate environmentalconditions can be regarded as a method to ...

The extent of the surface area sunlit is critical for radiative energy exchanges and therefore for a wide range of applications that require urban land surface models (ULSM), ranging from human comfort to weather forecasting. Here a computational demanding shadow casting algorithm is used to assess the capability of a simple single-layer urban canopy model, which assumes an infinitely long rota...