The occurrence of viral co-infection is a common phenomenon in cultivated and native plant species and can alter the dynamics of virus infection. In this study, disease progress was examined in single and mixed infections of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) by measuring the rate of symptom development, disease severity and area under disease progress curve on infe...

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was identified in late 2019 and has gradually spread to all countries. Following the outspread of this virus as a community-acquired disease, many researchers have been trying to identify various factors involved in the transmission of the virus, as well as the ways to prevent its transmission from person to person. For example, researchers have found tha...

Background & Aims: Various antiviral drugs such as amantadine are used to treat influenza. This drug is categorized in group C and few researches have been conducted about its toxic effects on human fetus. In the current study, the pathologic effects of the drug as well as drug efficacy in reducing influenza virus titer in the developing chicken embryo were assessed. <br ...

background and aims: inhibition of viral growth in coinfected cells with two different viruses has been described. this phenomenon known as viral interference can occur in several virus host systems such as interference of enterovirus infection on poliovirus vaccine strains. in this study we superinfected reovirus infected hela cells with poliovirus to determine if poliovirus can replicate in s...

injuries of the nervous system. Therefore, this is mainly an analysis of the later after-effects of penetrating brain wounds. The book consists of about 56 pages of well-written succinct text and an extensive appendix with 20 detailed tables of results. There is a useful and thorough list of references and a well defined review of the problem of the cerebral contribution to somatic sensation. T...

Vaccinia virus growth factor (VGF), a highly glycosylated 77-residue epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like polypeptide encoded in vaccinia poxvirus, is reported to play an important role in stimulating growth of uninfected cells to facilitate virus infection. We have chemically synthesized the unglycosylated forms of VGF and VGF19-69, a shortened VGF analog consisting of 51 residues and comprising...

background: the potential of plants as a safe and eukaryotic systems, are considered for producing recombinant therapeutic human protein today; but the expression level of heterologous proteins is limited by the post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs) response in this new technology. the use of viral suppressors of gene silencing can prevent ptgs and improve transient expression level of for...