This article explores the emotion of friendship among merchant communities in early modern South Asia. Based on autobiography a Jain merchant, Banarasidas, it argues that as an was invoked multiple social contexts, sometimes to reinforce normative boundaries, and other times subvert them. Even so, always multivalent, extended beyond dyadic relationships. The outreach crucial reinforcing communi...

This essay considers some problems in philosophical approaches to poetry. Philosophers’ accounts of what poetry is are often ill informed. They tend to select, as essential, features that can also characterize prose works: conspicuous metaphoricity, imagination, fictionality, and so on. This essay considers instead a humbler term: verse. It argues that the constraints on language implied by com...

hakim sanaie lived in last parts of fifth and first of sixth centuries. he used and compiled the mystical, ethical and quranic concepts in his poetry. he influenced attar and molavi. sanaie started to compose the mystical and ethical versified story. he has used some parts of verses, themes, definition, words and composition of quran in his poetry. the present essay deals with introducing sanai...

Abstract The present article offers a critical reading of the Old English Exodus, poem that is an versified adaptation episode from biblical story Exodus narrates Israelites’ passage across Red Sea and destruction Pharaoh’s army. aim this to analyse poem’s urban exilic imagery strongly relies on metaphorical representation Israelites as city, they are actually in exile way Canaan, walls hall de...

when cultures collide, through its major activities that emanate from the translation, they can flourish themselves. intimacy and familiarity of the islamic world with greek medical heritage which happened to be in the golden age of the abbasids in baghdad, led to the enrichment and prosperity of islamic medicine. this sort of familiarity and reproductivity grew among nestorian christians throu...

An-Nâbighâ, Zuhayr and Al-‘A?â are accepted among the leading poets in Jahiliyyah Period. These three well-known who have made a great contribution to development progress of genre eulogy-themed poetry period Jahiliyyah. They influenced interested Classical Arabic Literature even ones writing poems on neo-classical movement having occurred at beginning Literature. Three earned income by versify...