Behavior of blast wave in underwater explosion is of interest to metal forming community and ship designers. Underwater detonation is, also a potential hazard to the water intakes or a plant spent fuel pool. In this paper, some techniques for calculating free-field blast parameters such as pressure and impulse in underwater explosion and prediction of bubble pulsation parameters are presented a...

[1] Fossil foraminifera are critical to paleoceanographic reconstructions including estimates of past episodes of methane venting. These reconstructions rely on benthic foraminifera incorporating and retaining unaltered the ambient isotopic compositions of pore fluids and bottom waters. Comparisons are made here of isotopic compositions of abundant live and fossil foraminifera (Uvigerina peregr...

Chalk cliffs in many countries, such as around the North Sea in Europe, are places of natural beauty but also under the constant threat of erosion. Collapse of chalk cliffs, which are often poorly consolidated (Figure 1), have cost lives and destroyed property and cultural heritage with a concerning frequency. Predicting collapse, however, is difficult and has had little success in the past. To...

The retreat of cliffs may constitute the dominant erosional response to base‐level fall in arid settings underlain by horizontally‐bedded sedimentary rock. These vertical cliffs typically loom above a relatively straight bedrock slope (‘plinth’) that is mantled with a thin layer of sediment and perched near the angle of repose. In detail, a plinth consists of a system of quasi‐parallel ridges a...

The quality and availability of resources influence the geographical distribution of species. Social species need safe places to rest, meet, exchange information and obtain thermoregulatory benefits, but those places may also serve other important functions that have been overlooked in research. We use a large soaring bird that roosts communally in cliffs, the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), as...