estrogens foster immunological processes driven by cd4+ th2 cells and b cells and androgens foster th1 cd4+ and cd8+ cell activity. higher levels of ifn-gamma and il-2 and lower levels of il-4 and il-10 are detected in the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte culture supernatants of men compared with women. it is documented that the physiologic levels of estrogens produced during the luteal...

interleukin (il)-17-producing t helper (th)-17 cells have recently been explained as a distinct population  of  cd4+  t  cells which play an important  role in immunity against infectious agents. establishment of persistent phenotype of th17 cells and recognition of lineage-deviating factors are of most attractive goals in modern researches in immunology. although  il-6  and  tgf-β  are  freque...

Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disorder caused by self-reactive Th1 lymphocytes, while Th2 cells may confer protection. The Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation are regulated by specific transcription factors, especially T-bet and GATA-3, respectively. This investigation aimed to measure the T-bet and GATA-3 expression by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) obtained...

Efficacy of B-cell depletion therapy highlights the antibody-independent effector functions B cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Given type 1 helper T (Th1) abundant synovial fluid (SF) RA, we have determined whether Th1 could generate novel cells. Microarray and qPCR analysis identified CXCL9/10 transcripts as highly expressed genes upon BCR/CD40/IFN-? stimulation. Activated promoted generati...

Abstract Clearance of infection with Plasmodium spp. requires both antibody and Th1-type responses. While Th1-like cells control the peak in P. chabaudi infection, however specific IgG is delayed. Both Tfh GC-Tfh can promote antibodies long-lived plasma to fully clear infection. numbers remain stable throughout while Th1/Tfh hybrid (IFN-g +/IL-21 +CXCR5 int) expand. Testing if triple cytokine r...

Bakground: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). It was previously believed that Th1 cells were pathogenic T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the functional role of Th1 cells in EAE has been reconsidered upon the discovery of IL-17- producing T cells which are consider as dominant effect...

Lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell (WBC) in immune system. Lymphocytes contain T cells, natural killer cells , and B cells. They are the head type of cell found in lymph, which for this reason the name "lymphocyte". Lymphocytes can be recognized by their large nucleus. Infiltration of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) helps the start of chronic pain. ...

Objective: In Persian medicine (PM), wet-cupping therapy (WCT) is the most utilized approach. WCT is mostly done between the shoulders, which is referred to as “hejamt-e-aam” in the Persian language. CD4+T cells also refer to T helper lymphocytes play a critical role in the immune system. Naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into at least four subsets, T helper 1 (Th1), T helper 2 (Th2), T helper 1...