The Bretton Woods Institutions, and lately the World Trade Organisation, have all been accused of representing narrow Western economic interests and ignoring important elements of culture and local conditions in their policies towards the developing countries. In drafting ‘one-fit-for-all’ strategies and conditionalities they have paid little attention to existing governance structures and have...

I will divide my comments in five parts. First, I will focus on the nature of relationship between an individual country and the IMF. Unless this context is properly analyzed the subsequent discussion on conditionality and ownership will remain incomplete. Second, I will offer a few suggestions about the division of labor between the IMF and the World Bank. The next three sections will be focus...

Seeking to explain the difficult cases of delayed democratic transition in theWestern Balkans, recent literature argues that ‘national identity’ significantly limits the effectiveness of external actors’ political conditionality. This argument is tested in this article by investigating Serbia’s co-operation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which was dem...

In many welfare states, 'austerity' policies have ignited debates about the fairness and cost-effectiveness of universal welfare benefits, with benefits received by older citizens a particular topic of concern. Empirical studies suggest that conditionality generates problems of access and uptake but, to date, there has been little research on how different conditions of entitlement are understo...

As the European integration project evolved tremendously over time, so did its enlargement policy. Consequently, EU enlargement policy became a prominent research area over the years with a growing literature on its aspects and implications. This book adds to that agenda, contributing to the literature on EU enlargement conditionality. In particular, the book offers a new and innovative model f...

Underpinned by the assumption that unemployed persons are passive recipients of social security, recent welfare reforms have increased benefit conditionality in the UK and introduced harsher penalties for failure to meet these conditions. Yet, conditionality may result in vulnerable groups disproportionately experiencing disentitlement from benefits, one of the rights of social citizenship, bec...

Lenders condition future loans on some index of past performance. Typically, banks condition future loans on repayments of earlier obligations while international organizations condition future loans on the implementation of some policy conditions. We build an agency model that accounts for these tendencies to offer an explanation for why both types of conditionality clause may coexist. The opt...

Modus Ponens is a key property for fuzzy implication functions that are going to be used in fuzzy inference processes. In this paper it is investigated when fuzzy implication functions derived from uninorms via residuation, usually called RU implications, satisfy the modus ponens with respect to a continuous t-norm T , or equivalently, when they are T -conditionals. For RU -implications it is p...

Recently, Grzegorzewski [9] introduced two new families of fuzzy implication functions called survival implications and survival S-implications. These two classes of multivalued implications are based on conditional copulas. In the same article the author gave a motivation to his ideas and he analyzed some properties of these classes of fuzzy implications. In this paper the laws of contrapositi...