To model a handwritten graphical language, spatial relations describe how the strokes are positioned in the 2-dimensional space. Most of existing handwriting recognition systems make use of some predefined spatial relations. However, considering a complex graphical language, it is hard to express manually all the spatial relations. Another possibility would be to use a clustering technique to d...

The concept of spatial justice has been widely employed in the recent literature that attempts to deal with concepts and practices of justice from a geographical perspective. However, the concept of spatial justice needs to be recast. Spatial justice could be the most radical offspring of law’s ‘spatial turn’. Spatial justice is arguably the most promising platform on which to redefine, not o...

from the perspective of the states that their foreign policy is based on geo-economy, the economy is the most important mechanism of influence in target areas. therefore, with the strengthening of trade relations would be in an appropriate level to increase the mutual relations.  after the independence of central eurasian states, geographical - political events of central eurasia led to the cre...

In this paper, we propose a mining approach for efficiently finding implicit spatial relations of objects in images. An effective representation for spatial relations is first designed, from which primary spatial relations can be easily obtained. The proposed primary spatial relations have a good characteristic of symmetry, which can greatly reduce the number of candidate itemsets in the mining...

Semantic integrity constraints specify relations between entity classes. These relations must hold to ensure that the data conforms to the semantics intended by the data model. For spatial data many semantic integrity constraints are based on spatial properties like topological or metric relations. Reasoning on such spatial relations and the corresponding derivation of implicit knowledge allow ...

Spatial scenes are abstractions of some geographic reality, focusing on the spatial objects identified and their spatial relations. Such qualitative models of space enable spatial querying, computational comparisons for similarity, and the generation of verbal descriptions. A specific strength of spatial scenes is that they offer a focus on particular types of spatial relations. While past appr...