Specific IgE antibody levels in the serum of patients with proven gnathostomiasis and in those with intermittent cutaneous migratory swelling (CMS) were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using somatic extract and excretory-secretory (ES) products of Gnathostoma spinigerum infective larvae as antigens. The third stage larval used were obtained from naturally infected ee...

Somatic mutations within the antibody variable domains are critical to the immense capacity of the immune repertoire. Here, via a deep mutational scan, we dissect how mutations at all positions of the variable domains of a high-affinity anti-VEGF antibody G6.31 impact its antigen-binding function. The resulting mutational landscape demonstrates that large portions of antibody variable domain po...

background: recognition of helminth-derived pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) by pattern recognition receptors (prrs), including toll like recep­tors (tlrs) is the first step towards initiating anti–helminth immune re­sponses. methods : using somatic antigens of ostertagia occidentalis, an important abomasal parasite of ruminants, the expression of ovine tlr2 and tlr4 in peripheral...

lmmunoglobulin variable (V) region sequences are tailored to recognize antigen by the process of somatic hypermutation. Somatic hypermutation of V regions can occur either before or after challenge with antigen. When somatic hypermutation occurs before challenge with antigen, the result is to increase the diversity of the preimmune repertoire. When somatic hypermutation occurs in response to an...

Shands, J. W. (University of Florida, Gainesville). Localization of somatic antigen on gram-negative bacteria by electron microscopy. J. Bacteriol. 90:266-270. 1965.-Antisera specific for the somatic antigens of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O113 were prepared, and globulins isolated from these antisera were labeled with ferritin. Micrographs of labeled, sectioned bacteria show th...

The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae is selectively concentrated from cell-free culture supernatant by co-precipitation with hexametaphosphate and is further purified by adsorption on aluminum hydroxide powder. The bulk of residual somatic antigen becomes insoluble upon lyophilization of the toxin preparation and is removed by centrifugation of the rehydrated material. Other contaminants are el...

Indirect plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was standardized and evaluated for its effectivenessin immunodiagnosis of haemonchosis in experimental and clinical cases in sheep by using somatic wholeadult antigen of H. contortus. Plate ELISA was standardized using 5 μg/well antigen concentration with1:100 and 1:1000 of sera and conjugate dilution. Indirect plate ELISA was able to demonstrate...

Somatic (O) antigen 2 of Salmonella paratyphi A replaced somatic antigen 4 of an S. typhimurium recipient as the consequence of mating with an S. paratyphi A var. durazzo Hfr strain. The genetic determinants of these O antigens behaved in this cross as alleles of a common O locus, which is linked to the determinant of histidine biosynthesis, his. By employing phage lysates obtained by growth of...

indirect plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was standardized and evaluated for its effectivenessin immunodiagnosis of haemonchosis in experimental and clinical cases in sheep by using somatic wholeadult antigen of h. contortus. plate elisa was standardized using 5 μg/well antigen concentration with1:100 and 1:1000 of sera and conjugate dilution. indirect plate elisa was able to demonstrate...