Earth’s plate-tectonic activity regulates the carbon cycle and, hence, climate, via volcanic outgassing and silicate-rock weathering. Mountain building, arc–continent collisions clustering of continents in tropics have all been invoked as controlling weathering flux, with arcs also acting a major contributor dioxide to atmosphere. However, these processes largely considered isolation when reali...

Glider observations conducted between 2016 and 2021 were combined with shipborne surveys from the 1950s through 2010s to provide critically important information about changes in Bothnian Sea. Particularly, we evaluated rate of warming freshening several layers basin showed that 0.3°C/decade upper 25m was sufficient explain ~40% oxygen depletion since mid-1950s. This driven by limited saturatio...