The paper deals with the control of nonlinear processes with 2DOF-PI controllers. A new and practical tuning method, based on recent ideas of immersion and invariance, is proposed for the dynamic adjustment of the set-point weight. The main attractive feature of the proposal is the possibility of assigning a reduced-order linear dynamics for the tracking response beyond the nonlinear characteri...

module over a ring is a general mathematical concept for many examples of mathematicalobjects that can be added to each other and multiplied by scalar numbers.in this paper, we consider a module over a ring as a universe and by using the notion of reference points, we provide local approximations for  subsets of the universe.

monte carlo simulation is widely used in calculations involing transport of photons through different materials of different shapes. the method consists of randomly generating a finite set of photon histories over which the quantities of interest are averaged. in photon transport calculations, sampling the photon scattering angle from the klein-nishina probability distribution is of special imp...

TOPSIS is a multiple criteria method to identify solutions from a finite set of alternatives based upon simultaneous minimization of distance from an ideal point and maximization of distance from a nadir point. TOPSIS can incorporate relative weights of criterion importance. This paper reviews several applications of TOPSIS using different weighting schemes and different distance metrics, and c...