BACKGROUND The adverse effects of obesity on the physical health have been extensively studied in the general population, but not in motorcycle riders (includes both drivers and pillions). The aim of this study was to compare injury patterns, injury severities, mortality rates, and in-hospital or intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) between obese and normal-weight patients who were ho...

Cooperative learning has gained popularity in higher educational settings. However, assigning grades equitably to all team members in a way that rewards them for their contributions remains challenging. In this paper, we ask whether having free riders on a team lowers the quality of submitted work, and whether students’ course performance correlates with peer evaluations. In an introductory soc...

A comparison has been made between BMX bicycle accidents and those occurring when children ride other types of bicycle. The injuries sustained are compared to see if the clinical impressions that BMX are more dangerous, and produce more facial injuries, are correct. This was found not to be true as half the children involved rode BMX bicycles, and the injuries sustained were similar to those oc...

The recent and rapid development of P2P systems is paving the way for a distinguished manner of computing where autonomy and decentralization are the foundation of success. In this paper, we focus on the problem of free riding in decentralized collaborative environments. We propose a novel free riders filtering algorithm based on trustworthiness. Existing, literature does not consider trustwort...

The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of how sport dressage riders describe rider-horse communication when riding, and to relate these descriptions to current research on human-horse communication. Interviews with 15 amateur dressage riders were analyzed using a qualitative approach. The study shows that the interviewed riders describe the communication with the horses partly in...

This study assesses the influence of indirect reciprocity on individual contribution to a peer-topeer network. We find that individuals’ level of contributions increases with number of contributors in the peer-to-peer network but decrease with number of free riders in the networks, indicating that individual contributions are reciprocal in nature. Moreover, we show that individuals have strong ...

We propose two schemes for efficient broadcast key establishment that enables a sender to communicate to any subset of the user-base by allowing a small ratio of free-riders. The schemes do not require stateful receivers and one scheme is unconditionally secure. The free-riders are unable to learn from the past whether they might become free-riders for a certain transmission again. We present a...

This paper gives an overview of the UK network RIDERS – Research in Interactive Drama Environments, Role-Play and Story-telling, running for 36 months from September 2011. It discusses the three central themes of RIDERS: theoretical work on the conflict between interactivity and narrative content, problems, issues and tools relating to authoring, and directions in evaluation. It gives a brief o...

Many studies show that people act cooperatively and are willing to punish free riders (i.e., people who are less cooperative than others). However, nonpunishers benefit when free riders are punished, making punishment a group-beneficial act. Presented here are four studies investigating whether punishers gain social benefits from punishing. Undergraduate participants played public goods games (...