The structure of a river plume is related to the vertical mixing using an isohaline-based coordinate system. Salinity coordinates offer the advantage of translating with the plume as it moves or expanding as the plume grows. This coordinate system is used to compare the relative importance of different dynamical processes acting within the plume and to describe the effect each process has on th...

The early stage of the ablation plume formation and the following dynamics of the plume expansion are studied numerically using a combination of molecular dynamics and the direct simulation Monte Carlo methods. The direct cluster ejection from the target and the following cluster-monomer and cluster-cluster collisions are considered. The presence of the ablated clusters is shown to strongly aff...

[1] Time‐dependent buoyant plumes form at the outflow of tidally dominated estuaries. When estuary discharge velocity exceeds plume internal wave speed c, a sharp front forms at the plume’s leading edge that expands from the time‐dependent source. Using observations of the Columbia River tidal plume from multiple tidal cycles we characterize time‐evolving plume structure and quantify front spee...

Volcanic plumes generate lightning from the electrification of plume particles. Volcanic plume charging at over 1200 km from its source was observed from in situ balloon sampling of the April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull plume over Scotland. Whilst upper and lower edge charging of a horizontal plume is expected from fair weather atmospheric electricity, the plume over Scotland showed sustained positiv...

The role of river discharge, wind and tide on the extension and variability of the Tagus River plume was analyzed from 2003 to 2015. This study was performed combining daily images obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor located onboard the Aqua and Terra satellites. Composites were generated by averaging pixels with the same forcing conditions. River disc...

Photoclinometry, a shape-from-shading technique, is applied to satellite data to determine the three-dimensional height and morphology of the upper optical surface of a plume from the eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. The technique can be applied to visible images of volcanic plumes that have uniform scattering properties and is most effective on images with moderate incident Sun angles and ...

The moth-inspired plume-tracing strategies on a single REMUS underwater vehicle successfully tracked a Rhodamine dye plume over 100 m and declared its source location in near-shore ocean environments that are characterized by turbulence, tides, and waves. This paper expands moth-inspired plume tracing via a single vehicle to multiple vehicles. The new strategy includes a mechanism determining a...

The dynamics of mantle flow and melting of a ridge-centered plume were investigated with three-dimensional variable-viscosity numerical models, focusing on three buoyancy sources: temperature, melt depletion, and melt retention. The width, W, to which a plume spreads along a ridge axis, depends on plume volume flux, Q, full spreading rate, U, buoyancy number, B, and ambientrplume viscosity cont...

[1] Based on a calibrated coastal plane estuary plume model, ideal model hindcasts of estuary plumes are used to describe the evolution of the plume pattern in response to river discharge and local wind forcing by selecting a typical partially mixed estuary (the Cape Fear River Estuary or CFRE). With the help of an existing calibrated plume model, as described by Xia et al. (2007), simulations ...

The Vejen Landfill leachate plume was characterized in detail in 1989 in terms of redox zones and distribution of organic pollutants. Strong natural attenuation was observed for most organic compounds in the strongly anaerobic part of the plume. A visit to the plume 10 years later revealed that the NVOC plume had spread further, but that most of the chemical compounds still were attenuated in t...