the most common type of childhood-onset epilepsy syndrome is childhood absence epilepsy (cae) with well-defined electro clinical features but unknown pathological basis. the incidence of absence epilepsy is about 2 and 8 out of every 100 000 children up to the age of 16, and the prevalence is 2 and 10% of children with any form of epilepsy. children with cae suffer from high rate of pretreatmen...

Defining dose requirement, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Clinical anaesthetists administer doses of drugs to obtain various degrees of drug effect. Some anaesthetic drug effects, such as muscle relaxation, are relatively easy to quantitate, whereas others such as anaesthetic depth are much more difficult. Anaesthetic dose requirement can be defined as the dose of drug that produces a de...

objective(s): garlic (allium sativum l. family liliaceae) is well known in iran and its leaves, flowers, and cloves have been used in traditional medicine for a long time. research in recent decades has shown widespread pharmacological effects of a. sativum and its organosulfur compounds especially allicin. studies carried out on the chemical composition of the plant show that the most importan...

conclusions the plants listed can be used as a prediction of rau management. of course, there are is no evidence for curing rau by some of these plants in allopathic medicine, and the further investigations in this area could lead to the discovery of a new drug evidence acquisition iranian medical sources were reviewed and effective plants used in the traditional treatment of rau were found and...

labor pain is a cause of stress and suffering; for which many women seek methods to relieve this pain. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of relaxation techniques on pain relief during labor. this study was carried out on 62 pregnant women referred to fatemieh hospital (hamadan, iran) during their labor. they were selected using convenience sampling and were divided randomly in t...

the effect of odonthobuthos doriae (o.d) scorpion venom at 0/3, 1 and 3, 10 µg/ml concentrations were investigated on nerve-muscle transmission, using the twitch tension technique. a concentration of 0.3 µg/ml caused a small change in the twitch height in response to indirect muscle stimulation, but higher concentrations (1, 3, 10 µg/ml) caused a transient augmentation in twitch response follow...

Mechanism-based modeling is an approach in which the physiological, pathological and pharmacological processes of relevance to a given problem are represented as directly as possible. This approach allows us (i) to test whether assumed hypotheses are consistent with observed behaviour, (ii) to examine the sensitivity of a system to parameter variation, (iii) to learn about processes not directl...

Our goal in developing Microphysiological Systems (MPS) technology is to provide an improved approach for more predictive preclinical drug discovery via a highly integrated experimental/computational paradigm. Success will require quantitative characterization of MPSs and mechanistic analysis of experimental findings sufficient to translate resulting insights from in vitro to in vivo. We descri...

BACKGROUND Pharmacological neuroenhancement (PN) is a topic of increasing importance. Its prevalence rates range from 1 % to more than 20 %. Students are a group that shows exceptionally high prevalence rates. However, little is known about teachers' knowledge, management, attitudes and ethical judgements regarding PN. METHODS A web-based survey containing 40 closed questions was developed. A...