of the NEPHRIC trial (n = 129 patients), which shows a smaller incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy by using iso-osmolar contrast media [2]. However, we also have not changed our routine daily clinical approach in 2008 by using the low-osmolar contrast media, because the published results were conflicting in the last 2 years. In our paper, we emphasized these conflicting results concerning...

PURPOSE To determine the effect of Ultraviolet-A collagen cross-linking with hypo-osmolar and iso-osmolar riboflavin solutions on stromal collagen ultrastructure in normal and keratoconus ex vivo human corneas. METHODS Using small-angle X-ray scattering, measurements of collagen D-periodicity, fibril diameter and interfibrillar spacing were made at 1 mm intervals across six normal post-mortem...

AIMS To compare the clinical efficacy of hypo-osmolar oral rehydration salt (ORS) solution (224 mmol/l) and standard ORS solution (311 mmol/l) in severely malnourished (marasmic) children having less than 60% Harvard standard weight for age with dehydrating acute watery diarrhoea. METHODS In a double blind, randomised, controlled trial, 64 children aged 6-48 months were randomly assigned stan...

PURPOSE To evaluate the thinnest corneal thickness changes during and after corneal collagen cross-linking treatment with ultraviolet-A irradiation, using hypo-osmolar riboflavin solution in thin corneas. METHODS Eighteen eyes of 18 patients were included in this study. After epithelium removal, iso-osmolar 0.1% riboflavin solution was instilled to the cornea every 3 minutes for 30 minutes. H...

The Swedish radiologist Torsten Almén is the first clinical radiologist ever to have made a fundamental contribution to intravascular contrast medium design, the development of non-ionic contrast media. He became emotionally triggered by the patients' severe pain each time he injected the ionic "high-osmolar" contrast media when performing peripheral arteriographies in the early 1960s. One day ...

Pityrosporum ovale did not show the normal swelling and shrinking such as is undergone by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in media of different osmotic pressures. Pityrosporum ovale shrank slightly in media below 0.33 osmolar and remained at constant volume between 0.33 and 3-4 osmolar, while S. cerevisiae swelled below 0-10 osmolar and shrank markedly and progressively from 0.33 to 3-4 osmolar. The r...

lodinated radiopaque contrast agents are utilized in many of the approximately I million or more cardiac carherenzalions performed each year in the United States. Until recently. the primary agents employed for cardiovascular imaging consisted of diatrizoate sodium or a combination of diatrizoate sodium and various m&urdne salts. These agents are referred to as “ionic” or “idgh osmolar” agent> ...

OBJECTIVE To present a practical approach to the management of osmolar disorders by considering the mechanisms involved in their development. DATA SOURCES Articles and published peer-review abstracts on the mechanisms and management of disorders of plasma osmolality. SUMMARY OF REVIEW In health, plasma osmolality is determined largely by the concentration of sodium and its accompanying anio...