Relational Frame Theory (RFT) is the simplest form of operant theory since it claims nothing more than a particular type behavior, arbitrarily applicable derived relational responding, an operant. While simple, its implications are not, and adoption has been slow until recently. RFT was first formally described in 1985 35 years since, hundreds studies have conducted on learning from point view....

Single-case research comprises a set of designs and methods for evaluating the effects of interventions, practices, or programs on individual cases, through comparison of outcomes measured at different points in time. Although there has long been interest in meta-analytic techniques for synthesizing single-case research, there has been little scrutiny of whether proposed effect sizes remain on ...

Operant conditioning is a form of associative learning through which an animal learns about the consequences of its behavior. Here, we report an appetitive operant conditioning procedure in Aplysia that induces long-term memory. Biophysical changes that accompanied the memory were found in an identified neuron (cell B51) that is considered critical for the expression of behavior that was reward...

The process of changing the neuronal activity of the brain to acquire rewards in a broad sense is essential for utilizing brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), which is essentially operant conditioning of neuronal activity. Currently, this is also known as neural biofeedback, and it is often referred to as neurofeedback when human brain activity is targeted. In this review, we first illustrate biofe...

Original scientific paper A Fuzzy Skinner Operant Conditioning Automaton (FSOCA) is constructed based on Operant Conditioning Mechanism with Fuzzy Set theory. The main character of FSOCA automaton is: the fuzzed results of state by Gaussian function are used as fuzzy state sets; the fuzzy mapping rules of fuzzyconditioning-operation replace the stochastic "conditioning-operant" mapping sets. So...

Four experiments with rat subjects examined whether D-cycloserine (DCS), a partial NMDA agonist, facilitates the extinction of operant lever-pressing reinforced by food. Previous research has demonstrated that DCS facilitates extinction learning with methods that involve Pavlovian extinction. In the current experiments, operant conditioning occurred in Context A, extinction in Context B, and th...

The orbitofrontal cortex plays an important role in the ability of animals to adjust their behavior in response to behavioral outcomes. Multiple studies have demonstrated that responses of orbitofrontal neurons during operant sessions reflect the outcome of particular behaviors. These studies have focused on rapid neural responses to short-duration events such as instrumental behavior and rewar...

Operant conditioning is characterized by the contingent reinforcement of a designated behavior. Previously, feeding behavior in Aplysia has been demonstrated to be modified by operant conditioning, and a neural pathway (esophageal nerve; E n.) that mediates some aspects of reinforcement has been identified. As a first step toward a cellular analysis of operant conditioning, we developed an in v...

The purpose of the current article is to highlight the importance of operant techniques in developmental research. Although many researchers employ operant techniques within their individual fields of study, the pervasive nature of these techniques is not often acknowledged in the general literature. The present article describes the history of the use of operant techniques in developmental con...