3. In practice, yearto-year changes i n the federal debt do not precisely equal the corresponding annual federal budget deficits. The inequality results because Congress borrows to finance net spending on certain off-budget programs, and because the Treasury finances a small portion of the deficit through changes i n various assets such as its cash balances. Here we use the term deficit to refe...

by studying the evolution history of budgeting systems, you may discern three stages: in the first stage, controlling role of budget is regarded its major function. in the second stage, budget is considered as a means for management improvement. in the third stage, the role of budget is considered in economic planning, implementation of programs and government performance management. after worl...

In this paper we investigate the interplay between operations and financial decisions within the context of a two-echelon supply chain. A retailer purchases a single product from a supplier and afterwards sells it in the retail market to a random demand. The retailer, however, is budget-constrained and is therefore limited in the number of units that he may purchase from the supplier. We invest...

I put forward a new theoretical framework to analyze the relationship between soft budget constraint syndrome and the economic performances of firms. It differs from the existing theoretical framework, à la Dewatripont and Maskin (1995), in the soft budget constraint literature. In this paper, soft budget constraint syndrome arises when firms that are expected to lose money are financed. The pa...

It is generally accepted that the three major dimensions of project success are time, budget, and quality. Most of the research in project planning is focused on the time-cost trade-off, and only a few papers have considered the three dimensions together. This paper describes the evolution of formulations for optimising project time-cost and quality, and continues by developing a new, non-linea...

7he T economics i off introducing ultrafiltration (UF) ) into the Ontario i dairy industry is analyzed. . First, t, a partial budget is developed to determine feasibility off UF on the farm. . The budget indicates that the great majority off Ontario dairy farms are not large enough to capture the economies off size inherent in the new technology. l y. Second, , a location-allocation ll ti model...