BACKGROUND An obstetric fistula is a traumatic childbirth injury that occurs when labor is obstructed and delivery is delayed. Prolonged obstructed labor leads to the destruction of the tissues that normally separate the bladder from the vagina and creates a passageway (fistula) through which urine leaks continuously. Women with a fistula become social outcasts. Universal high-quality maternity...

The period from 1979 to 1983 represented, in more ways than one, a nadir for the Labour Party. The 1974-9 government was brought down on a vote of no confidence following a winter of industrial action. Many felt that Callaghan should have called the election in late 1978, when Labour’s electoral prospects seemed better, and in hindsight it appears difficult to disagree. Nonetheless, on May 3, 1...

I use linked employer-employee data from the German Federal Statistical Office to estimate within-firm wage differentials between temporary workers with fixed-term contracts and workers with permanent contracts in the context of dual internal labor markets. Wage-tenure profiles of permanent workers are estimated separately for each firm to obtain a proxy for the prevalence of internal labor mar...

BACKGROUND It has been recognized that preterm labor is related to short cervical length and that poor progress in labor is a major indication for cesarean section at term. We therefore hypothesize that long cervix is not associated with increased risk of cesarean delivery during labor at term. OBJECTIVES The objective is to determine the relationship between cervical length at mid-pregnancy ...

Parents and medical staff usually agree on the management of preterm labour at borderline viability, when there is a relatively high risk of long-term neurodevelopmental problems in survivors. If delivery is imminent and parents and staff cannot agree on the best management, however, who should decide what will happen when the baby is delivered? Should the baby be resuscitated? Should intensive...

IZA DP No. 11241 DECEMBER 2017 Skilled Migration Policy and the Labour Market Performance of Immigrants* This paper studies whether migration policy, besides managing a country’s population size, is a suitable tool to influence immigrants’ labour market outcomes. To do so, it uses a migration policy change that occurred in Australia in the late 1990s and data collected by the Longitudinal Surve...

First, I wonder how many women actually remained in the rural community throughout pregnancy. Patterson et al. investigated women after labor initiation and showed that 83% had remained there. However, some women may have been transferred before labor following antepartum triage, thus the women remaining in the community throughout pregnancy may be much fewer. A randomized controlled study show...

introduction: preterm birth is still a major health problem throughout the world, which results in 75% of neonatal mortality. preterm labor not only inflicts financial and emotional distress, it may also lead to permanent disability. the present study was conducted to determine the related risk factors and preventive measures of preterm labor. methods: this retrospective cross-sectional study a...

For Marx, work is the fundamental and central activity in human life and, potentially at least, a fulŽlling and liberating activity. Although this view is implicit throughout Marx’s work, there is little explicit explanation or defence of it. The fullest treatment is in the account of ‘estranged labour ’ [entfremdete Arbeit] in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts;1 but, even there, Marx ...

OBJECTIVE To describe the process of change and assess compliance and effect on maternal and infant outcome when the WHO package Effective Perinatal Care (EPC) was implemented at maternities in Ukraine. DESIGN Intervention study comparing outcomes before and during 2.5 years after training. SETTING Three maternities in Donetsk, Lutsk and Lviv 2003-2006. POPULATION Baseline data were colle...