We present an initial version of Regular Boardgames general game description language. This stands as an extension of Simplified Boardgames language. Our language is designed to be able to express the rules of a majority of popular boardgames including the complex rules such as promotions, castling, en passant, jump captures, liberty captures, and obligatory moves. The language describes all th...

Saussure’s refusal to adopt a biological perspective in linguistics and consider the problem of origin language does not imply struggle against natural aspects language. Rather, it derives from awareness that is impossible look at “from outside” if one wants (as Saussure considers obligatory for linguist) drop into speaking subjects. This tendency nature within” has strong philosophical importa...

Alteration of the organization of social and motivational neuroanatomical circuitry must have been an essential step in the evolution of human language. Development of vocal communication across species, particularly birdsong, and new research on the neural organization and evolution of social and motivational circuitry, together suggest that human language is the result of an obligatory link o...

Whether social uses of language, in concert with their acquisition, are driven by the awareness of the social value assigned to linguistic variants remains unanswered. The present study examines how 185 French native speakers, aged from 2 to 6 years from different social backgrounds, produce and evaluate a well-known French phonological alternation, the liaison: obligatory liaisons, which are c...

Previous studies showed that children learning a language with an obligatory singular/plural distinction (Russian and English) learn the meaning of the number word for one earlier than children learning Japanese, a language without obligatory number morphology (Barner, Libenson, Cheung, & Takasaki, 2009; Sarnecka, Kamenskaya, Yamana, Ogura, & Yudovina, 2007). This can be explained by difference...

Whether social uses of language, in concert with their acquisition, are driven by the awareness of the social value assigned to linguistic variants remains unanswered. The present study examines how 185 French native speakers, aged from 2 to 6 years from different social backgrounds, produce and evaluate a well-known French phonological alternation, the liaison: obligatory liaisons, which are c...

With the ubiquitous deployment of large scale networks, more and more complex human interactions are supported by computer applications. This poses new challenges on the expressiveness of security policy design systems, often requiring the use of new security paradigms. In this paper we identify a restricted type of obligation which is useful to express new security policies. This type of oblig...

For a speaker of an accent language it is completely natural to mark grammatical focus consistently on all syntactic categories. In light of this regularity, the linguist’s conclusion that focus must be marked universally is not far-fetched. If the linguist is typologically interested, he will assume that focus is marked at different grammatical levels in different languages. Thus, a language m...