The covarion (COV)-like properties of sequences are poorly described and their impact on phylogenetic analyses poorly understood. We demonstrate using simulations that, under an evolutionary model where the proportion of variable sites changes in nonadjacent lineages, log likelihood values for rates across site (RAS) and COV models become similar, making models difficult to distinguish. Further...

Fatherhood has traditionally been viewed as part of a “package deal,” where a father’s relationship with his child is contingent upon his relationship with the mother. We evaluate the accuracy of this hypothesis in light of the high rates of multiple-partnered fertility among unmarried parents using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a recent longitudinal survey of nonmarital birth...

We argue that noncontingent, unconditional self-esteem is not optimal but defensive. We introduce the concept of intrinsic contingency, where self-esteem is affected by whether one’s actions are self-congruent and conducive to personal growth. Whereas external contingencies, especially social and appearance, were negatively correlated with authenticity, self-compassion, and personal well-being,...

Mental health or well-being provides individuals with an enhanced agentic capacity for formal volunteering. However, this capacity may be realized more effectively through the structural resources for volunteering provided by education. Analyzing white respondents from the 1995-2005 National Survey of Midlife Development Panel Study (N = 1,431), we examine the contingent effects of mental well-...

This feminist ethnographic piece offers a snapshot of how contingency impacts diversity work in General Education (GE) courses the Communication Studies Department at California State University, Northridge. After grounding my critical university scholarship from Sara Ahmed (2012), Roderick Ferguson and others, I explore pressure to do contingent faculty various identities department. To this e...

To investigate the involvement of dopaminergic projections to the prelimbic and infralimbic cortex in the control of goal-directed responses, a first experiment examined the effect of pretraining 6-OHDA lesions of these cortices. We used outcome devaluation and contingency degradation procedures to separately assess the representation of the outcome as a goal or the encoding of the contingency ...

This paper presents and compares approaches of estimating true area on the ground and calibrating quantitative errors of area estimate on categorical maps from the contingency table. Results directly estimated from the contingency table and those from two calibration methods were compared on two maps of 10 different land cover classes with known errors between them. The estimated true area perc...