Neural stem cells (NSCs) as a heterogeneous multipotent and self- renewal population are found in different areas in the developing mammalian nervous system, as well as the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampus of the adult brain. NSCs can give rise to neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The aim of this study was to differentiate neural stem cells into noradrenergic–like cells in...

The novel antidepressant reboxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. In this study, the antidepressant-like effects of reboxetine were characterized in a modified rat forced swim test. Further, in order to investigate the role of the locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental noradrenergic systems in the mediation of reboxetine's effects, the impact of different chemical lesions of ...

The plasticity of the &and &adrenergic receptor subtypes was examined in the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) of the adult rat. The B-adrenergic receptor antagonist i251-pindolol (1261-PIN) was used in conjunction with the selective subtype antagonists ICI 118,551 and ICI 89,408 to determine the subnuclear distribution of /I,and &-adrenergic receptors in this nucleus and to correlate the receptor ...

GABAergic neurons specifically active during paradoxical sleep (PS) localized in the dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus (DPGi) are known to be responsible for the cessation of activity of the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus during PS. In the present study, we therefore sought to determine the role of the DPGi in PS onset and maintenance and in the inhibition of the LC nor...

The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. State-dependent neuronal discharge activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons has long-suggested a role of this system in the induction of an alert waking state. Work over the past two decades provides unambiguous evidence that the locus coeruleus, and likely other noradrenergic nuclei...

Background Dysfunction of the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system occurs early in Alzheimer’s disease. This results a low-noradrenergic state some patients, which contributes to cognitive and neuropsychi- atric symptoms. We aimed assess efficacy noradrenergic drugs for improving these Methods The MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched from 1980 December 2021. generated poo...

Dysregulation of the central noradrenergic network has long been hypothesized to underlie the pathophysiology of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Arnsten et al., 1996). This hypothesis is derived largely from pharmacological data documenting that drugs which selectively modulate noradrenergic function show efficacy in treating ADHD. However, a noradrenergic hypothesis of ADHD is ...

Hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons (MNs) contribute to diverse behaviors. Their innervation of the genioglossus muscle, a tongue protruder, plays a critical role in maintaining upper airway patency during breathing. Indeed, reduced activity in these motoneurons is implicated in sleep related disorders of breathing such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The excitability of these MNs is modulated by m...

There is a long-standing assumption that low noradrenergic activity during sleep reflects mainly the low arousal during this brain state. Nevertheless, recent research has demonstrated that the locus coeruleus, which is the main source of cortical noradrenaline, displays discrete periods of intense firing during non-REM sleep, without any signs of awakening. This transient locus coeruleus activ...