The study was aimed at investigating localized topical drug delivery to the breast via mammary papilla (nipple). 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and estradiol (EST) were used as model hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds respectively. Porcine and human nipple were used for in-vitro penetration studies. The removal of keratin plug enhanced the drug transport through the nipple. The drug penetration was s...

a 25-year-old woman with a history of five years of bilateral verrucous hyperkeratosis and darkening of both nipples and areolae is reported herein. the histopathology was suggestive of hyperkeratosis of areola and nipple. hyperkeratosis of areola and nipple is a rare condition which is seen unilaterally or bilaterally in both sexes. three types of hyperkeratosis of areola and nipple are descri...

BACKGROUND Loss of nipple projection is a common problem following nipple reconstruction. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the use of a tightly rolled dermal graft is effective in the long-term maintenance of nipple projection. METHODS Nipple reconstruction was performed using the C-V flap technique. A dermal graft was harvested from the dog-ear portion of previous scars. The gra...

The present report describes the use of a nipple-sharing technique for nipple areolar reconstruction using a donor nipple that was initially grafted from the contralateral and healthy breast 12 years earlier. There are many different techniques available to reconstruct the nipple. Although nipple sharing is not feasible to use in all patients, when available, it is an ideal approach for matchin...

Aims: Breast fissure is one of the common reasons to refuse breastfeeding after giving birth. Reducing the healing time of breast fissures prevents breast problems. Herbal products are one of the care and treatment options for breast fissures. This study aimed to systematically review herbal products in the care and prevention of breast fissures. Methods: This systematic review was conducted b...

BACKGROUND Nipple-sparing techniques have improved the aesthetics of reconstruction following mastectomy, but nipple necrosis complicates up to 37% of procedures, distressing patients, delaying adjuvant therapy, and compromising outcomes. No method reliably detects nipple necrosis better than clinical assessment of tissue perfusion. We prospectively assessed the accuracy of intraoperative indoc...

BACKGROUND Nipple creation using the C-V flap technique is often the final step in breast reconstruction. The aim of this study was to subjectively and objectively assess the cosmetic outcomes and satisfaction of patients undergoing C-V flap nipple reconstruction. METHODS Subjective assessments of patient satisfaction with the neo-nipple were recorded by visual analogue scoring (VAS; 0...

Sir, The most important features of a natural reconstructed nipple are symmetry and a durable valid vertical projection. A frequent drawback of the methods currently used for nipple reconstruction is the loss of nipple projection in the longer post‐operative term. Although numerous nipple‐areolar complex reconstruction techniques have been described,[1‐3] common among these techniques is a fail...

Leiomyomas are benign smooth-muscle tumours and their cutaneous forms rare clinical entities with subtypes including pilar leiomyoma, angioleiomyoma, genital leiomyoma. Nipple leiomyomas, arising from the mammillary muscle cells of nipple, least common type We present herein a case male nipple leiomyoma detailed analysis histologic features review literature.

BACKGROUND Nipple-areolar reconstruction completes post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. Many techniques for nipple reconstruction have been described, and each has their advocates and critics. One of the frequent failings of most designs is loss of nipple projection with time. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of including autologous costal cartilage on patient satisfaction with their nipp...