alzheimer's disease (ad) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that accounts for 60 to 80 percent of all dementia cases. the exact cause of alzheimer`s disease is still unknown, but recent studies suggest neuro-inflammation as an important part of the pathogenesis of the disease. this brings in mind using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaid) as treatment or prevention of the dise...

nowadays, air pollution is one of the major problems in developed and developing countries. in recent years, effects of air pollution on neuroinflammatory diseases such as alzheimer disease and parkinson disease have been studied. researches on polluted cities citizens indicate increasing in central nervous system (cns) inflammatory factors in comparison with clean cities; also air pollution ex...

Depression alone is a severe and acute disease, but its close relationship with neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases has emphasized its importance. In fact, the linking bridges between depression and these diseases are cytokines, especially pro-inflammatory cytokines which have fundamental roles in organizing different parts of central nervous system and emotions. Studying the relat...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. Almost 47 million people suffer from dementia worldwide. AD accounts for approximately 60%–80% of all dementia cases. Three major pathologies characterize the disease: senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation. We review the literature on events contributing to the inflammat...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease which is correlated with increasing inflammatory factors, demyelination and axonal loss. In this auto-immune disease, Neuroinflammation is mediated by different types of T cells with macrophage/microglial activation and B cells involvement that interact in a collaborative manner. Focal inflammation is the main cause for the onset of relapses and coul...

Neuroinflammation as a protective mechanism for repairing tissue damage in the central nervous system (CNS), has been classified into two types: acute and chronic. It is characterized by the activation of microglia and astrocytes and the increase levels of different chemokines and cytokines. Neuroinflammation can be harmful, and it is a common pathological feature in neurodegenerative and psych...

P2x7 receptors are Purineric receptors that are extracellular ATP-gated ion channel. These receptors require high dose or prolonged exposure to ATP for initial activation. The Activation of these receptors facilitates the formation of inflammasome which activates caspase 1. The P20 and P10 subunits of caspase 1 form active enzyme that then releases active interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-18, tu...

p2x7 receptors are purineric receptors that are extracellular atp-gated ion channel. these receptors require high dose or prolonged exposure to atp for initial activation. the activation of these receptors facilitates the formation of inflammasome which activates caspase 1. the p20 and p10 subunits of caspase 1 form active enzyme that then releases active interleukin (il)-1 β and il-18, tumor n...

Neuroinflammation is thought to play a pivotal role in many diseases affecting the brain, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke. Neuroinflammation is characterised predominantly by microglial activation, which can be visualised using positron emission tomography (PET). Traditionally, translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO) is the target for imaging of neuroinflammation using PE...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a complex disease which is correlated with increasing inflammatory factors, demyelination and axonal loss. in this auto-immune disease, neuroinflammation is mediated by different types of t cells with macrophage/microglial activation and b cells involvement that interact in a collaborative manner. focal inflammation is the main cause for the onset of relapses and coul...