Assessments of undernutrition are typically based on comparisons between anthropometric indicators of children and a reference standard from the US. Due to a number of problems associated with this reference standard, WHO is currently engaged in generating a new international reference standard for child growth based on well-to-do populations in a sample of poor and rich countries. The focus on...

This paper investigates the impact of elite capture on the allocation of targeted government welfare programs in Indonesia, using both a high-stakes field experiment that varied the extent of elite influence and non-experimental data on a variety of existing government transfer programs. Conditional on their consumption level, there is little evidence that village elites and their relatives are...

The class and social structure of developing nations has undergone profound transformation in recent decades as each nation has incorporated into an increasingly integrated global production and financial system. National elites have experienced a new fractionation. Emergent transnationally-oriented elites grounded in globalized circuits of accumulation compete with older nationally-oriented el...

Under what conditions are political parties, ethnic, non-ethnic or multi-ethnic, able to incorporate elites from rising ethnic categories and retain their allegiance? General theories of party politics in multi-ethnic societies propose a sociological answer to this question, according to which success or failure in elite incorporation is determined by the pattern of conflict or harmony between ...

In Evolutionary Algorithms (EA), elites are crucial to maintain good features in solutions. However, too many elites could make the evolutionary process stagnate and cannot enhance the performance. In this paper, we employ Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) to propose a hybrid algorithm termed Biogeography-Based Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) which c...

Elite theory‟s origins lie most clearly in the writings of Gaetano Mosca (18581941), Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), and Robert Michels (1876-1936). Mosca emphasized the ways in which tiny minorities out-organize and outwit large majorities, adding that “political classes” – Mosca‟s term for political elites – usually have “a certain material, intellectual, or even moral superiority” over those th...

Abstract Complexity science permeates the policy spectrum but not antitrust. This is unfortunate. provides a high-resolution screen on empirical realities of markets. And it enables rich understanding competition, beyond reductionist descriptions markets and firms proposed by neoclassical models their contemporary neo-Brandeisian critique. New insights arise from key teachings complexity scienc...