Previous evidence has shown that the number of L and M cones in retina varies significantly between subjects. However, it is not clear how the variation of L/M ratio changes the behavioral performance of the subject. A model of transformation of data from retina to visual cortex for evaluation of various L/M cones ratios is presented. While L/M cone ratios close to 1 brings the best performance...

Cancer metastasis involves multiple processes which may complicate clinical management and even lead to death. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in cancer cell invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, depending on whether agents can inhibit MMPs which could lead to inhibition of the migration and invasion of cancer cells. Curcumin, the active constituent of the dietary spice...

Background/Aims: To report a case of cutaneous malignant melanoma with cerebral metastasis found to have vitreoretinal metastasis upon referral for neovascular glaucoma. Methods: The clinical history and ocular examination findings, including histologic, cytologic, genetic, and immunohistochemical features of the vitreoretinal metastatic tumor, were reviewed. Additionally, the histologic and im...

purpose: to report multiple astrocytic hamartomas in a patient with tuberous sclerosis (ts). patient and findings: a 16-year-old girl with ts without any ocular complaint was referred for ophthalmologic examination. she had papular rash on her face and other skin lesions elsewhere in the body which were specific for ts. multiple well-circumscribed elevated lesions characteristic of astrocytic h...

Retina is a part of the central nervous system derived from the neuroectoderm and made up of 5 layers.In this study, the changes in the thickness of the retinal layers as a consequence of diabetes and effect of Aloe Vera gel extract in male rats were assessed. Thirty Sprague Dawley adult male rats (175 ± 25 g) in two age groups (4 and 8 weeks) were divided into 6 groups of 5 as control, diabeti...

purpose: to present 3 rare cases of benign flecked retina syndrome. patients and finding: a 19-year-old female patient presented with fundus albipunctatus appearance in fundoscopy without night blindness and normal dark adaptation time on electeroretinography (erg). after 9 years of follow up, no change in visual acuity, erg, or other ophthalmologic examinations was seen. two members of her fam...

Metastasis from breast cancer to other parts of the body is very common, but the spread of the tumor to pituitary gland, especially to infandibulum, is a rare presentation. At the time of pituitary metastasis, a majority of the patients have clinical and radiological evidence of the disease. It seems that the posterior area of the gland is the most common site of metastasis, probably due to hig...