Hyperkalemia is a common electrolyte abnormality frequently complicated with chronic kidney disease. By injecting potassium chloride (KCl) solutions intravenously into bullfrogs, we reproduced typical electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities of hyperkalemia in the frog hearts, such as peaked T waves and widening QRS complexes. Simultaneous recordings cardiac action potentials showed morphological ...

Drip fertigation has shown unquestionable benefits in recent decades compared to traditional farming fertilization practices. However, a fertilizer dissolved the irrigation water must be evenly distributed fertigated area. Irrigation system and characteristics operational management potentially affect uniformity of distribution. Advance time (AT), which is an intrinsic determinable characterist...

Objective: Erectile dysfunction is a usual side effect of antipsychotic medications; this causes patients to avoid using drugs. The aim study investigate the effects iloperidone, paliperidone and loxapine on serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) potassium chloride (KCl)-induced contractions vas deferens in mice.Materials Methods: mice were randomly divided into expe...

Zataria multiflora Boiss. is used in Iranian traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders and menrrhalgia. The inhibitory effect of this herb on rat ileum contractions is also reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. hydroalcoholic leaf extract (ZHLE) on isolated rat uterus in presence of some known uterus stimulants. Pieces of virgi...

PURPOSE This study was designed to determine whether the injection of muscle-derived stem cells into the anal sphincter can improve functional properties in a fecal incontinence rat model. METHODS Cryoinjured rats were utilized as a fecal incontinence model. The gastrocnemius muscles of normal three-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the purification of the muscle-derived stem ...

cortical spreading depression (csd) has been suggested to underlie some neurological disorders such as migraine. despite the intensity with which many investigators have studied sd in the brain, only a few studies have aimed to identify sd in the spinal cord. here we described the main characteristic features of sd in the spinal cord induced by different methods including various spinal cord in...

Electron microscope studies were done on mouse liver, from 5 min to 8 wk after an intravenous injection of liposomes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Livers of mice receiving an injection of liposomes containing KCL instead of EDTA or an injection of a solution of EDTA were also examined. Liposomes were shown to be phagocytized by hepatocytes as well as by Kupffer cells within...

During this study, a comprehensive investigation of low salinity water alternating CO2 injection was performed for enhanced oil recovery in oil-wet carbonate reservoirs. A synergy interfacial mechanisms such as IFT, wettability alteration, solubility, swelling, shielding effect, and rock dissolution considered two three-phase systems. Results showed that the monovalent ions, NaCl or KCl, inhibi...

In rabbit livers, it is not well known which segments of the hepatic vasculature are predominantly contracted by various vasoconstrictors. We determined effects of histamine, norepinephrine, and KCl on hepatic vascular resistance distribution in isolated rabbit livers perfused via the portal vein with 5% albumin-Krebs solution at a constant flow rate. Hepatic capillary pressure was measured by ...