The subject for consideration today forms an aspect of a somewhat venerable branch of mathematical theory; but in essence it is part of a far older department of thought—the ancient science of logic. For it is concerned with a category of propositions of a nature marked by features neither physical nor mathematical, but by their rôle under the aspect of the reason. Their essential characteristi...

in the latest decades, in west, human perception was precisely explored, and was questioned in some areas. tabatabaei took a realist position in epistemology. to defend his position, he began to study human knowledge and perception. to avoid skepticism, he gave great importance to intuitive knowledge and based human knowledge on it. intuitive knowledge is the knowledge of the soul of itself, it...

It is increasingly recognized that knowledge is the norm of assertion. As this view has gained popularity, it has also garnered criticism. One widely discussed criticism involves thought experiments about “selfless assertion.” Selfless assertions are said to be intuitively compelling examples where agents should assert propositions that they don’t even believe and, hence, don’t know. This resul...

I explore the prospects for modelling epistemic rationality (in the probabilist setting) via an epistemic decision theory, in a consequentialist spirit. Previous work has focused on cases in which the truth-values of the propositions in which the agent is selecting credences do not depend, either causally or merely evidentially, on the agent’s choice of credences. Relaxing that restriction lead...

I explore the prospects for modelling epistemic rationality (in the probabilist setting) via an epistemic decision theory, in consequentialist spirit. Previous work has focussed on cases in which the truth-values of the propositions in which the agent is selecting credences do not depend, either causally or merely evidentially, on the agent’s choice of credences. Relaxing that restriction leads...

A common problem of everyday life is that of deciding how much to spend to avoid something unpleasant happening, and then, if the worst comes to the worst, of deciding how much to spend to remedy the situation. This paper provides a framework for the analysis of such problems, focussing specifically on the appropriate allocation of expenditure on (preventative and curative) health care. A two-s...