Social interactions are characterized by distinct forms of interdependence, each of which has unique effects on how behavior unfolds within the interaction. Despite this, little is known about the psychological mechanisms that allow people to detect and respond to the nature of interdependence in any given interaction. We propose that interdependence theory provides clues regarding the structur...

NATURE OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING Cooperative learning is an application of social interdependence theory (Deutsch, 1949, 1962; Johnson and Johnson, 1989, 2005, 2009). Social interdependence theory posits that there are two types of social interdependence, positive (cooperative) and negative (competitive). Positive interdependence (i.e., cooperation) exists when individuals perceive that they can ...

the paper will provide a summary of all lifelines performance in this strong earthquake. the paper will discuss the damage, emergency response, and recovery of electric power, telecommunication, transportation (roads and bridges), seaports, airports, water and wastewater, and their facilities. the impact as a result of the lifelines service interruption will be discussed; most important is the ...