The increasing availability of individual-level data has led to numerous applications individualized (or personalized) treatment rules (ITRs). Policy makers often wish empirically evaluate ITRs and compare their relative performance before implementing them in a target population. We propose new evaluation metric, the population average prescriptive effect (PAPE). PAPE compares ITR with that no...

extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (xdr-tb) is a new challenge for tuberculosis control programs. lack of effective drugs and high rate of failure in treatment and mortality is a major threat for public health. treatment of this serious infection needs well-designed individualized dosage regimen and powerful national tb program. in this review we will describe the xdr-tb definition and its...