Infectious diseases caused by infected tools in the environments are threaten to safety and public health. Transmission sources of these infectious unknown, but it is thought that non-living materials called fomites, major source acquired infections. Three hundred one swabs were taken from different cultured on blood agar study heamolysis ability isolated bacteria. In this study, MacConkey was ...

In recent years, an increase of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains with Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and Extensively Drug-resistant (XDR) profiles that complicate therapy for urinary tract infections (UTIs) has been observed and has directly impacted costs and extended hospital stays. The aim of this study was to determine MDR- and XDR-UPEC clinical strains, their virulence genes, their...

Twelve monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) produced against the Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) encoded by the hemolysin recombinant plasmid pWAM04 were studied. HlyA derivatives from recombinant strains with different plasmids encoding HlyA amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal truncates, HlyA in-frame deletions, and HlyA frameshift mutations were used in immunoblots to localize the antigenic determi...

If the acquisition of virulence genes (VGs) for pathogenicity were not solely acquired through horizontal gene transfers of pathogenicity islands, transposons, and phages, then clonal clusters of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) would contain few or even none of the VGs found in strains responsible for extraintestinal infections. To evaluate this possibility, 47 postweaning diarrhea (PWD...

Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are abnormally predominant on Crohn's disease (CD) ileal mucosa. AIEC reference strain LF82 adheres to ileal enterocytes via the common type 1 pili adhesin FimH and recognizes CEACAM6 receptors abnormally expressed on CD ileal epithelial cells. The fimH genes of 45 AIEC and 47 non-AIEC strains were sequenced. The phylogenetic tree based on fimH DNA sequ...

Vibrio cholerae produces a cytolytic toxin named El Tor cytolysin/hemolysin which is encoded by the hlyA gene. This cytolysin is produced as a 79-kDa precursor form (pro-HlyA) into the culture supernatant after cleavage of the signal peptide of the hlyA product (prepro-HlyA). The pro-HlyA is then processed to a 65-kDa mature cytolysin (mature HlyA) after cleavage of the 15-kDa N-terminal peptid...

Components of bacteria have been shown to induce innate antiviral immunity via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We have recently shown that FimH, the adhesin portion of type 1 fimbria, can induce the innate immune system via TLR4. Here we report that FimH induces potent in vitro and in vivo innate antimicrobial responses. FimH induced an innate antiviral state in murine macrophage and primary MEFs w...

Although the importance of natural killer (NK) cells in innate immune responses against tumors or viral infections are well documented, their ability to directly recognize pathogens is less well defined. We have recently reported FimH, a bacterial fimbrial protein, as a novel Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 ligand that potently induces antiviral responses. Here, we investigated whether FimH either di...

Extra- and intracellular Escherichia coli hemolysin expressed by two cloned hly determinants, both under the control of the activator element hlyR, were analyzed. One determinant carried all four hly genes (hlyC, hlyA, hlyB, and hlyD), whereas the other carried only the two genes (hlyC and hlyA) required for synthesis of active hemolysin but not those essential for its secretion. It was shown t...

Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) is the prototype toxin of a major family of exoproteins produced by Gram-negative bacteria known as "repeats in toxins." Only fatty acid-acylated HlyA molecules at residues Lys564 and Lys690 are able to damage the target cell membrane. Fatty acylation of pro-HlyA is dependent on the co-synthesized acyltransferase HlyC and the acylated form of acyl-carrier prote...