Abstract—The date of the root of the Indo-European language family received much attention due to the application of Bayesian phylogenetic methods since the beginning of the last decade. The inferred root date of the family moved along with the development of new methods and better data. In this paper, I compare two dating techniques known as node-dating and total evidence dating for the Indo-E...

This paper begins by pointing out a new generalization regarding the distribution of transitive need throughout Indo-European. It is shown that only those Indo-European languages that have a transitive verb have used to express possession (i.e., HAVElanguages) may also have a transitive verb need. No Indo-European BE-language has a transitive verb need. In light of this generalization, we argue...

PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN is the traditional name given to the ancestor language of the Indo-European family that is spread from Iceland to Chinese Turkestan and from Scandinavia to the Near East. A PROTO-LANGUAGE (Gk. prõtos ‘first’) refers to the earliest form of a language family presupposed by all of its descendants. There will forever be major gaps in the reconstruction of proto-languages, but a...

Do Semitic and Indo-European languages differ at a qualitative level? Recently, it has been claimed that lexical space in Semitic languages (e.g., Hebrew, Arabic) is mainly determined by morphological constraints, while lexical space in Indo-European languages is mainly determined by orthographic constraints (Frost, Kugler, Deutsch, & Forster, 2005). One of the key findings supporting the quali...

Indo-European is the largest and best-documented language family in the world, yet the reconstruction of the Indo-European tree, first proposed in 1863, has remained controversial. Complications may include ascertainment bias when choosing the linguistic data, and disregard for the wave model of 1872 when attempting to reconstruct the tree. Essentially analogous problems were solved in evolutio...

Leff has concluded from his analysis of the JPSS Study that the emotions of anxiety, depression and irritability are poorly discriminated amongst the population using non-Indo-European languages. The present author after analyzing similar data from the ICMR Multicentred Collaborative Study of Factors Associated with the Course and outcome of Schizophrenia that the Tamil population using Tamil, ...

The Position of Anatolian 6.1 History of the Question 6.1.1 Discovery and Recognition Hrozný (1917) showed that the chief administrative language of the Hittite Empire, attested in cuneiform documents from Hattusha in central Turkey dating from the 16th-13th centuries BCE, was Indo-European. Through the work of a number of scholars it was known by the 1930s that Hittite was not alone in ancient...