personalized medicine aims is to supply the proper drug to the proper patient within the right dose. pharmacogenomics (pgx) is to recognize genetic variants that may influence drug efficacy and toxicity. all things considered, the fields cover a wide area, including basic drug discovery researches, the genetic origin of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, novel drug improvement, patient gene...

From the Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Medicine, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minn. Address reprint requests to Dr. Weinshilboum at the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Medical School–Mayo Clinic– Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, or at [email protected]. he pro...

From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.W., R.M.W.); and the UNC Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (H.L.M). Address reprint requests to Dr. Weinshilboum at the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department o...

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major problem in drug therapy and drug development. Inter-individual genetic differences can have significant roles in determining an individual’s susceptibility to ADRs. The rapid development of techniques in the area of genome analysis has put the scientific community in a power position and facilitated identification of new pharmacogenomic biomarkers that ...

Orally delivered small-molecule therapeutics are metabolized in the liver and intestine by phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), and transport proteins coordinate drug influx (phase 0) and drug/drug-metabolite efflux (phase III). Genes involved in drug metabolism and disposition are induced by xenobiotic-activated nuclear receptors (NRs), i.e. PXR (pregnane X receptor) and CAR ...